Table 2. Mechanism of Nano-theranostics therapies exerted on cells .

	Action	Temperature Elevation	Mechanisms	Ref
Photo thermal therapy	NA		L-SPR: It is a collective oscillation. It is mediated with light scattered absorption. The absorbed light (as an energy) is dissipated as local heat. The light excites the free electrons (present in the internalized NTs) converts light into heat.	6,7
Photo dynamic therapy	NA		The photosensitizer in the material generates the ROS, like singlet oxygen (1O2), free radicals and peroxides on excitation of NT material with NIR light. The ROS is cytotoxic in nature. It causes irreversible damage to tumour tissues, called as photodynamic effect.	8,9
Hyperthermia	Lysosomal damage	41°C to 46°C	Increases sensitivity of tumour without affecting the protein synthesis. It activates the apoptosis by expressing or inducing proteins	7
Thermal ablation	Cell necrosis	46°C to 70°C	The elevated temperature modifies biomolecules; denatures proteins, to lose their activity; and melts the lipid	7
Nano photo thermolysis	Dual action necrosis with oncosis	NA	Temperature elevation results in micro explosion at the surface of NTs with no heat transfer to the surrounding tissue. It causes an irreversible cell damage by expulsion from the nanoparticle surface or generated ultrasonic shock	7
LANTCET [Laser-activated nano-thermolysis as cell elimination technology]	Activation by reaction of vapor and plasmon resonance	NA	The vapor bubbles generated due to plasmon resonance effect of NTs, disrupts the cancer cell membrane and cytoskeleton through mechanical forces	7

Abbreviations: L-SPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NA, not applicable; NIR, near infra-red.