Table 3. Summary of some of the PCL-based electrospinning related studies .
| No | Combined polymers | Solvent system | Biomedical application | Morphology of combined polymers | Ref |
| 1 | PCL/PLGA/TFV |
PCL/PLGA: hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), 15% (w/v) TFV: polymer solutions at 10– 40% (w/w) |
Drug release (Tenofovir (TFV)) |
Fibers without TFV showed smooth and no defect on morphology, but with 15 wt% of TFV, the surface aggregation displayed. The inhomogeneities decreased by PLGA content in fiber morphology. Fiber diameter for PCL 2.0 ± 0.3 μm and 1.1 ± 0.1 μm for PLGA were obtained | 42 |
| 2 | PLA-PCL/GNPs |
PCL: MC PLA: MC GNPs: DMF MC:DMF 70:30, 20% w/v |
- | GNPs concentration prominently influenced the fibers morphology and diameters distribution, mobility of PLA–PCL chain in the crystallization process. It could able to tune the mechanical and thermal features of the electrospun matrices. | 41 |
| 3 |
Col-c-PCL TiO2-i-PCL |
PCL: chloroform/methanol mixture,3:1 v/v Col: TFE(80 mg/ml) |
Skin tissue engineering |
The fiber diameter affects by PCL concentration and electrostatic repulsion force. It could decrease when the PCL concentration is 11 and13%, with voltage increasing. At the lower voltage, about 10 kV, the ribbon–shape of the nanofiber was observed. At the high voltage range, continuous nanofibers with 2.0 to 0.4 μm diameter distribution were achieved. | 43 |
| 4 | PCL/PLA |
PCL/PLA(4/1): DCM/DMF(60/40) overall concentrations: 8 wt% |
Stem cells osteogenic differentiation, Cranial bone formation |
The thermally-induced nanofiber self-agglomeration (TISA) technique was used for fabricating PCL/PLA-3D nanofibrous scaffolds. The nanofiber diameter ranging was from 200nm to 1 μm, 150nm to 2 μm for PCL and PCL/PLA, respectively. | 44 |
| 5 |
pNSR32/PCL/Gt (Recombinant spider silk protein (pNSR32) gelatin (Gt)) |
PNSR32/PCL/Gt: Formic acid (98%) |
Small Caliber Vascular tissue engineering |
Three categories were considered in this work, including pNSR32/PCL/Gt, PCL, pNSR32/PCL scaffolds; the average diameter was 171 ± 23 nm, 116 ± 30 nm, 112 ± 23 nm, respectively. In the presence of pNSR32, the PCL fiber diameter did not change. Smooth surface, randomly oriented, interconnected pore structure appeared in all scaffolds. | 45 |
| 6 | NBR/PCL |
PCL: CHCl3/DMF,1:1wt; S-PCL, 10%wt; (1.0 g of polymer in 3.0 mL of CHCl3 and 4.8 mL of DMF) NBR: DMAc; S-NBR, 10%wt (1.0g of polymer in 9.6mL of solvent) |
- |
The diameter of the blend fiber is significantly smaller than N-PCL (nanofiber PCL). Mechanical performances were raised due to the morphological character has been improved. |
39 |
| 7 | PCL/ PGS (incorporating silicate, borosilicate bioactive glass (BG)) |
PCL: acetic acid (20% w/v) (PGS was added to the solution) |
Soft tissue engineering |
The addition of PGS caused an increase of the average fiber diameter, which PCL average fiber diameter 0.9 ± 0.4 µm falls within the range of 0.11–3.85 µm. But the presence of BG particles showed an increase in the fiber diameter distribution, with no change in average fiber diameter significantly. | 46 |
| 8 | PCL/COL-HA |
PCL: mixture of Chloroform and acetic acid, 50:50(10% (w/v)) Col: 0.2 N acetic acid HA: 0.8 M sodium chloride |
peripheral nerve regeneration | Electrospun PCL fibrous mat was rolled within a polystyrene cylindrical mold with a diameter 6 mm and filled by Col-HA blend solution. HA can effect on mechanical properties, sponge porosity, degradation rate, and water absorption. Good adhesion occurred between PCL and Col-HA, and the fibrous showed a similarity to the rat sciatic nerve in terms of mechanical properties. | 47 |
| 9 | PGS(core)- KGN /PCL(shell) |
PCL: TFE, 10% w/v (shell solution) PGS: TFE, 80% w/v (core solution) KGN: mixture of DMSO: TFE (volume ratio 20:80 |
Cartilage tissue engineering |
The core-shell arrangement of the coaxial fibers displayed a significantly lower effect on the electrospun scaffold’s elastic modulus than fiber alignment. | 40 |
| 10 | PCL/ Gel |
PCL/Gel 50/50 (w/w): TFEA and TCM (2/3, v/v), 7% (w/v) Trichloromethane (TCM), 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFEA) |
Tendon repair | Random and aligned nanofibers with 425.28 ± 48.15 nm, 427.82 ± 56.99 nm diameters, respectively, were fabricated. | 48 |
| 11 | PCL/Carbomer | PCL: DMF/chloroform (1:9)Carbomer: DMF | Wound healing | Fibers were in random orientation and bead-free with interconnected pores. Fiber diameters of was 1378 ± 259.82 nm. | 2,4 |
| 12 | PCL/Magnesium Oxide | DMF/chloroform | Bone tissue reconstruction | The diameter of nanofibers significantly decreased from 1029.25 ± 209.349 μm to 537.83 + 0.140 nm. | 49 |