Fig. 2. Schizophrenia in HiTOP.

Note: Dashed circles indicate that mania and dissociation are include in the model provisionally, because evidence supporting their inclusion is limited. Thought disorder is given in parentheses because it is the term currently used in HiTOP for the psychoticism spectrum. This model integrates evidence from 261 studies of psychopathology structures and 293 studies of their validity and utility (Kotov et al., 2021). This work considered all relevant evidence, including studies that directly measured HiTOP constructs, modeled constructs statistically, or identified common patterns across conditions comprising constructs (e.g., problems that define the detachment spectrum). Construct names differed across studies and were aligned to a common nomenclature.