Table 2.
Unadjusted Association of Elementary Students’ Daily Water Intake From Various School Water Sources With Experiences of School Drinking Water Security and Student Characteristics, San Francisco Bay Area, California 2017 to 2018*
| Unadjusted Mean Times Per Day Students Drank Water From Various School Water Sources | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Fountain (SD) | P Value | Sink (SD) | P Value | Tap Water Dispenser (SD) | P Value | All Tap Water Sources† (SD) | P Value | Bottled Water (SD) | P Value |
| Negative experience of water security‡ | ||||||||||
| None (n = 166) | 1.5 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 1.8 (1.7) | 0.5 (1.0) | |||||
| Some (n = 226) | 1.2 (1.3) | .048 | 0.3 (0.8) | .063 | 0.2 (0.7) | .042 | 1.7 (2.0) | .74 | 0.5 (1.0) | .82 |
| More (n = 259) | 0.9 (1.2) | <.001 | 0.2 (0.8) | .21 | 0.3 (0.7) | .13 | 1.3 (1.8) | .003 | 0.6 (1.1) | .37 |
| Age (β, 95% CI) | −0.3 (−0.6,−0.03) | .031 | −0.04 (−0.2, 0.1) | .65 | −0.09 (−0.2, 0.03) | .16 | −0.5 (−0.9, −0.05) | .027 | 0.05 (−0.2, 0.3) | .66 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.4 (1.5) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.7) | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | |||||
| Female | 0.9 (1.2) | <.001 | 0.2 (0.6) | .21 | 0.2 (0.6) | .34 | 1.2 (1.5) | <.001 | 0.5 (0.9) | .75 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.3 (0.7) | |||||
| API | 0.7 (1.2) | .20 | 0.2 (0.7) | .24 | 0.2 (0.8) | .066 | 1.2 (2.0) | .93 | 0.6 (1.1) | .016 |
| Black | 1.3 (1.2) | .38 | 0.2 (0.5) | .71 | 0.1 (0.3) | .42 | 1.6 (1.3) | .26 | 0.8 (1.3) | .13 |
| Latino | 1.4 (1.4) | .079 | 0.3 (0.8) | .048 | 0.2 (0.7) | .002 | 1.8 (1.9) | .004 | 0.5 (1.0) | .072 |
| Other§ | 1.0 (1.4) | .91 | 0.1 (0.6) | .81 | 0.1 (0.4) | .39 | 1.2 (1.7) | .89 | 0.5 (1.0) | .12 |
| Primary language spoken at home | ||||||||||
| English | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 1.2 (1.6) | 0.5 (1.0) | |||||
| Spanish | 1.2 (1.4) | .031 | 0.2 (0.6) | .60 | 0.3 (0.8) | .12 | 1.7 (1.8) | .016 | 0.4 (0.8) | .36 |
| English/Other | 1.3 (1.5) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.8) | .051 | 0.2 (0.7) | .15 | 1.8 (1.9) | <.001 | 0.6 (1.1) | .37 |
| BMI z-score (β, 95% CI) | 0.1 (0.06, 0.2) | .001 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | .47 | 0.04 (−0.007, 0.09) | .094 | 0.2 (0.08, 0.3) | .001 | 0.02 (−0.05,0.1) | .59 |
| Intervention group | ||||||||||
| Control | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.5) | 1.3 (1.6) | 0.5 (1.0) | |||||
| intervention | 1.3 (1.5) | .001 | 0.3 (0.8) | .067 | 0.3 (0.8) | <.001 | 1.9 (2.0) | <.001 | 0.6 (1.1) | .43 |
SD indicates standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
*
Bootstrap linear regression used to assess the unadjusted association of daily water intake with covariates.
†
All tap water sources at school include fountains, sinks, and dispensers.
‡
Cut-offs were no negative experience: score=0, some negative experience: 2 ≤ score ≤ 4, more negative experience: score ≥ 6.
§
Other includes participants with American Indian ancestry or 2 or more races.