Table 1.
Associations between demographic and clinical factors with use of CGM.
| Demographic characteristic | Total n (%, n = 1205) | Uses CGM n (row %) | Unadjusted risk ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age – no. (%) | P = 0·002 | P = 0·013 | ||
| <5 yr | 72 (6·0%) | 58 (80·6%) | 1 | 1 |
| 5 to < 10 yr | 370 (30·7%) | 261 (70·5%) | 0·88 (0·75, 1·02) | 0·94 (0·81, 1·09) |
| 10 to < 15 yr | 763 (63·3%) | 494 (64·7%) | 0·80 (0·70, 0·93) | 0·85 (0·73, 0·99) |
| Gender – no. (%) | P = 0·50 | P = 0·99 | ||
| Female | 604 (50·1%) | 414 (68·5%) | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 601 (49·9%) | 399 (66·4%) | 0·97 (0·90, 1·05) | 1·00 (0·93, 1·07) |
| Ethnicity – no. (%) | n = 1204 | P < 0·001 | P < 0·001 | |
| Māori | 218 (18·1%) | 120 (55·0%) | 1 | 1 |
| Pacific | 85 (7·1%) | 22 (25·9%) | 0·47 (0·30, 0·74) | 0·62 (0·40, 0·96) |
| Asian | 55 (4·6%) | 36 (65·5%) | 1·19 (0·91, 1·56) | 1·24 (0·96, 1·60) |
| European/Other | 846 (70·3%) | 634 (74·9%) | 1·36 (1·17, 1·58) | 1·20 (1·04, 1·38) |
| New Zealand Deprivation Index (quintile) – no. (%) | n = 1203 | P < 0·001 | P < 0·001 | |
| 1 (least deprived) | 279 (23·2%) | 230 (82·4%) | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 256 (21·3%) | 192 (75·0%) | 0·91 (0·81, 1·02) | 0·92 (0·83, 1·03) |
| 3 | 230 (19·1%) | 165 (71·7%) | 0·87 (0·77, 0·98) | 0·91 (0·81, 1·02) |
| 4 | 224 (18·6%) | 130 (58·0%) | 0·70 (0·60, 0·82) | 0·79 (0·68, 0·93) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 214 (17·8%) | 95 (44·4%) | 0·54 (0·44, 0·66) | 0·69 (0·57, 0·84) |
| Diabetes information | ||||
| Duration of diagnosis, mean (SD) | n = 1203 | P = 0·81 | P = 0·12 | |
| <2 yr | 361 (30·0%) | 242 (67·0%) | 1 | 1 |
| 2 to < 4 yr | 285 (23·7%) | 189 (66·3%) | 0·99 (0·87, 1·12) | 0·91 (0·81, 1·02) |
| 4 to < 15 yr | 557 (46·3%) | 380 (68·2%) | 1·02 (0·92, 1·13) | 0·90 (0·80, 1·01) |
| District Health Board – no. (%) | P < 0·001 | P < 0·001 | ||
| Northland | 43 (3·6%) | 26 (60·5%) | 0·88 (0·60, 1·28) | 0·97 (0·69, 1·38) |
| Waitemata | 102 (8·5%) | 60 (58·8%) | 0·85 (0·66, 1·11) | 0·85 (0·67, 1·07) |
| Auckland | 74 (6·1%) | 43 (58·1%) | 0·84 (0·62, 1·14) | 0·87 (0·65, 1·16) |
| Counties Manukau | 115 (9·5%) | 46 (40·0%) | 0·57 (0·40, 0·81) | 0·70 (0·51, 0·96) |
| Waikato | 108 (9·0%) | 75 (69·4%) | 1·02 (0·83, 1·25) | 1·07 (0·88, 1·30) |
| Bay of Plenty | 59 (4·9%) | 48 (81·4%) | 1·20 (0·98, 1·47) | 1·09 (0·89, 1·34) |
| Taranaki | 43 (3·6%) | 28 (65·1%) | 0·95 (0·67, 1·34) | 0·92 (0·63, 1·33) |
| Lakes | 31 (2·6%) | 21 (67·7%) | 0·99 (0·68, 1·45) | 1·13 (0·78, 1·62) |
| Tairawhiti | 12 (1·0%) | 8 (66·7%) | 0·97 (0·52, 1·81) | 1·24 (0·60, 2·55) |
| Whanganui | 23 (1·9%) | 13 (56·5%) | 0·82 (0·47, 1·43) | 1·02 (0·57, 1·84) |
| Mid Central | 55 (4·6%) | 34 (61·8%) | 0·90 (0·65, 1·25) | 0·92 (0·66, 1·27) |
| Hawkes Bay | 53 (4·4%) | 33 (62·3%) | 0·91 (0·65, 1·26) | 1·00 (0·75, 1·34) |
| Capital and Coast | 69 (5·7%) | 50 (72·5%) | 1·06 (0·84, 1·34) | 0·98 (0·80, 1·20) |
| Hutt Valley | 63 (5·2%) | 46 (73·0%) | 1·07 (0·84, 1·36) | 1·00 (0·81, 1·25) |
| Wairarapa | 8 (0·7%) | 8 (100·0%) | 1·49 (1·38, 1·61) | 1·29 (1·03, 1·60) |
| Nelson/Marlborough | 38 (3·2%) | 29 (76·3%) | 1·12 (0·85, 1·49) | 0·97 (0·76, 1·24) |
| West Coast | 13 (1·1%) | 12 (92·3%) | 1·37 (1·06, 1·76) | 1·30 (0·93, 1·81) |
| Canterbury | 150 (12·4%) | 117 (78·0%) | 1·15 (0·99, 1·33) | 1·09 (0·95, 1·26) |
| South Canterbury | 35 (2·9%) | 25 (71·4%) | 1·05 (0·75, 1·46) | 0·81 (0·59, 1·11) |
| Southern | 111 (9·2%) | 91 (82·0%) | 1·21 (1·04, 1·41) | 1·02 (0·88, 1·18) |
| Insulin modality – no. (%) | P < 0·001 | P < 0·001 | ||
| Injections | 693 (57·5%) | 372 (53·7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Insulin pump | 512 (42·5%) | 441 (86·1%) | 1·60 (1·49, 1·73) | 1·48 (1·36, 1·61) |
∗ Adjusted risk ratios are adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation, duration of diabetes, district health board (DHB), and insulin modality.
∗∗ The reference category for DHB is all ‘other DHBs in New Zealand’.
∗∗∗ Waitemata, Auckland and Counties Manukau are three DHBs under a single regional diabetes service, and Canterbury and West Coast are two DHBs under a single regional diabetes service.
∗∗∗∗ Wald P values calculated using finite sample F statistic and adjusted for multiplicity using the false discovery rate (FDR). Confidence intervals are adjusted using the Bonferroni method for DHB and Dunnett method for all other comparisons.
∗∗∗∗∗ Insulin pump therapy includes both standard pump therapy and sensor augmented pump therapy.