Table 2.
Associations between ethnicity and CGM use with level of glycaemic control.
| Glucose monitoring modality and ethnicity | HbA1c mmol/mol |
HbA1c difference mmol/mol (comparator group - reference group) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) | Fully adjusted difference (95% CI) | |
| SMBG | |||
| Māori (n = 88) | 83·5 (19·3) | 0 | 0 |
| Pacific (n = 55) | 78·4 (18·8) | −5·0 (−10·9, 0·8) | −5·0 (−10·9, 0·9) |
| Asian (n = 16) | 63·2 (13·0) | −20·2 (−29·4, −11·0) | −16·5 (−25·6, −7·5) |
| European/Other (n = 182) | 68·7 (16·3) | −14·7 (−19·1, −10·3) | −12·1 (−16·5, −7·7) |
| isCGM | |||
| Māori (n = 71) | 71·9 (16·8) | 0 | 0 |
| Pacific (n = 13) | 75·5 (15·4) | 3·5 (−6·7, 13·8) | 0·7 (−9·4, 10·8) |
| Asian (n = 22) | 65·6 (14·8) | −6·3 (−14·6, 2·0) | −8·5 (−16·5, −0·4) |
| European/Other (n = 343) | 64·1 (13·2) | −7·8 (−12·2, −3·4) | −7·2 (−11·5, −2·8) |
| rtCGM | |||
| Māori (n = 40) | 61·8 (10·9) | 0 | 0 |
| Pacific (n = 9) | 69·9 (14·2) | 8·1 (−4·4, 20·7) | 7·8 (−4·4, 20·1) |
| Asian (n = 11) | 55·2 (9·4) | −6·6 (−18·1, 5·0) | −5·0 (−16·3, 6·3) |
| European/Other (n = 242) | 59·3 (10·5) | −2·4 (−8·2, 3·4) | −1·6 (−7·3, 4·1) |
∗ Ethnicity and CGM use were associated with HbA1c in unadjusted and adjusted models (P < 0·001). Ethnicity was found to be an effect modifier on CGM use (unadjusted P = 0·002, adjusted P = 0·013); therefore, results are presented stratified by CGM use. For all other variables please see Supplementary Table 3.
∗∗ Fully adjusted HbA1c is adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation, duration of diabetes, district health board, insulin modality, and CGM use.
∗∗∗ SMBG is self-monitoring of blood glucose, isCGM is intermittently scanned CGM, and rtCGM is real-time CGM.