Table 1.

Parameter values of the SEIR model.

No	Names	Values	References
1	The first confirmed case(s)	January 31st, 2020	[20]
2	Ro (basic reproduction number)	(2–3.8)	[31]
3	Incubation time	5 (2–14) daysmedian (min–max)	[31]
4	Infection duration	(5–22) days	[27], [28]
5	Recovery time	(5–22) days	[27], [28]
6	Behavioral reaction time The behavioral reduction time is measured between the first infection case and the beginning of the behavioral risk reduction actions. This time measurement also applies to other time measurements.	In earlier March 2020, there were announcements of the COVID-19 threats by public health agency (PHA) led to appropriate acts such as physical distancing and WFH This study sets this variable from the first confirmed cases and lockdowns.	[25]
7	Behavioral risk reduction	This is about individual behavior such as physical distancing. This is assumed to be between 10% and 50%
8	Lockdown reaction time(This is measured from the first confirmed cases) .	On March 11th, 2020, the government banned the gathering of 500 people or more (about 40 days from the first date of lockdowns)	[2]
9	Lockdown risk reduction	The lockdowns are very strict and enforced by law, so the efficacy is relatively high (50%-95%)	Existing studies [4], [14], [15], [16] pointed out the beneficial impacts of lockdowns
10	Fraction of asymptomatic cases	(40–62) %	[19]
11	Lockdown time for senior citizens. Another study stated that protecting senior citizens is important [25]	March 16th, 2020 (45 days after the first confirmed case)	[20]
12	Lockdown reduction for senior citizens	This is assumed to be between 10% and 50%	–
13	Public spaces are open	Sweden allows public spaces such as pubs and restaurants to serve their customers subject to the public health agency recommendations [25].