. 2022 Nov 3;13:100211. doi: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100211

Table 1.

The operating conditions employed for different MES systems.

MES systems	Cycles involved	Hardness in catholyte	Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in catholyte (g L⁻¹)	Catholyte salinity (g L⁻¹)	Cathode conditions
S-MES	1st–3rd	High	Ca²⁺: 0.42, Mg²⁺: 1.30	35.0	−1.2 V
B-MES	1st–3rd	High	Ca²⁺: 0.42, Mg²⁺: 1.30	35.0	−10 mA
B-MES	4th	Low	Ca²⁺: 0.05, Mg²⁺: 0.15	35.0	−10 mA
3C-B_c-MES	1st^a	High	Ca²⁺: 0.42, Mg²⁺: 1.30	35.0	−10 mA
3C-B_c-MES	1st–3rd	Low	Ca²⁺: 0.05, Mg²⁺: 0.15	35.0	−10 mA
3C–B_i-MES	1st	Low	Ca²⁺: 0.05, Mg²⁺: 0.15	35.0, 40.0, 45.0	−10 mA
3C–B_i-MES	2nd	Low	Ca²⁺: 0.05, Mg²⁺: 0.15	45.0, 50.0, 60.0	−10 mA

Without inoculation.