Table 1.
Definition of indicators of universal health coverage.
| Indicators | Definition | Data sources |
|---|---|---|
| Prevention indicators | ||
| ANC4 | The proportion of woman who received at least four antenatal care visits during their last pregnancy. | NHSS |
| Postnatal care of mother | The proportion of woman who received at least one postnatal care during their last pregnancy. | NHSS |
| BCG immunization | The proportion of children aged 1–4 years who received at least one dose of BCG vaccine. | NHSS |
| DPT3 immunization | The proportion of children aged 1–4 years who received at least three doses of DPT vaccine. | NHSS |
| Polio3 immunization | The proportion of children aged 1–4 years who received at least three doses of polio vaccine. | NHSS |
| Measles immunization | The proportion of children aged 1–4 years who received at least one dose of measles vaccine. | NHSS |
| HB3 immunization | The proportion of children aged 1–4 years who received at least three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. | NHSS |
| Non-use of tobacco | The proportion of adults aged 14 years or older who do not smoke at the survey time. | CHNS |
| Non-overweight | The proportion of individuals aged 18–65 years who are not overweight (BMI <24.0). | CHNS |
| Non-underweight | The proportion of individuals aged 18–65 years who are not underweight (BMI ≥ 18.5). | CHNS |
| Improved water | The proportion of households whose main source of drinking water is tap water. | NHSS |
| Adequate sanitation | The proportion of households who use flush toilet. | NHSS |
| Treatment indicators | ||
| Institutional delivery | The proportion of woman who gave birth at a health facility during their last childbirth (ie, hospital, maternal and child healthcare institution, and township hospital). | NHSS |
| Skilled birth attendance | The proportion of woman who gave birth with assistance from skilled health providers (ie, doctors, nurses, and midwives) during their last childbirth. | NHSS |
| Normal blood pressure | The proportion of individuals who are not hypertension patients (DBP <90 mmHg, SBP <140 mmHg; are not diagnosed as hypertension by physicians; and do not take hypotensive drugs). | CHNS |
| Hypertension awareness | The proportion of individuals who have been diagnosed as hypertension by physicians in participants with hypertension. | CHNS |
| Hypertension treatment | The proportion of individuals who take antihypertensive medications among the participants with hypertension. | CHNS |
| Hypertension control | The proportion of individuals whose DBP is less than 90 mmHg and SBP is less than 140 mmHg among the participants with hypertension. | CHNS |
| Tuberculosis treatment | The proportion of individuals who visited the medical facility due to TB among the participants with TB in the two weeks preceding the survey. | NHSS |
| Outpatient care seeking when needed | The proportion of individuals who sought outpatient care among those who felt ill or uncomfortable in the two weeks preceding the survey. | NHSS |
| Outpatient care seeking when needed (aged 0–4) | The proportion of children aged 0–4 years who sought outpatient care among those who felt ill or uncomfortable in the two weeks preceding the survey. | NHSS |
| Inpatient care seeking when needed | The proportion of individuals who were admitted in hospital among those who were diagnosed to be hospitalized by physicians in one year preceding the survey. | NHSS |
| Inpatient care seeking when needed (aged 0–4) | The proportion of children aged 0–4 years who were admitted in hospital among those who were diagnosed to be hospitalized by physician in one year preceding the survey. | NHSS |
| Travel time to the nearest medical facility | The proportion of households whose travel time to the nearest medical facility are less than 10 min. | NHSS |
| Financial protection | ||
| Catastrophic healthcare expenditure | The proportion of households whose healthcare expenditure were at least 40% of the household non-food expenditure. | CHIP, RFPS |
| Medical impoverishment | The difference in the poverty headcount with and without out-of-pocket health spending included in household total consumption. Poverty line is defined as 2300 RMB per person-year in 2010 and it will be adjusted using the consumer price index for each year. | CHIP, RFPS |
Notes: NHSS = National Health Services Survey, including waves of 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 in our study; CHNS = China Health and Nutrition Survey, including waves of 1993, 1997, 2004, 2009, 2011, and 2015 six waves in our study; CHIP = Chinese Household Income Project, including waves of 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018 in our study; RFPS = National Rural Fixed-Point Survey, including waves of 1995 and 2002 in our study; ANC4 = At least four antenatal care visits; BCG = Bacillus Calmette - Guerin vaccine; DPT3 = three doses of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine; Polio3 = three doses of polio vaccine; HB3 = three doses of Hepatitis B vaccine; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; BMI = body-mass index; TB = tuberculosis.