Table 2.
Trends of UHC indicators between 1993 and 2018.
| Coverage (95% confidence interval) |
Difference |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993–1995 | 2007–2009 | 2015–2018 | 1993–2008 | 2008–2018 | 1993–2018 | |
| Prevention indicators | ||||||
| ANC4 | 22.6 (22.1–23.0) | 65.8 (64.7–66.9) | 92.9 (92.4–93.4) | 43.2∗∗∗ | 27.1∗∗∗ | 70.3∗∗∗ |
| Postnatal care of mother | 46.0 (45.5–46.5) | 55.6 (54.5–56.7) | 74.6 (73.8–75.4) | 9.6∗∗∗ | 19.0∗∗∗ | 28.6∗∗∗ |
| BCG immunization | 88.1 (67.7–97.8)† | 98.8 (98.6–99.0) | 99.3 (98.3–99.8)† | 10.7∗∗∗ | 0.5∗ | 11.2∗∗∗ |
| DPT3 immunization | 81.6 (63.5–93.3)† | 90.7 (90.1–91.3) | 93.7 (88.5–96.8)† | 9.1∗∗∗ | 3.0∗∗∗ | 12.1∗∗∗ |
| Polio3 immunization | 83.0 (65.0–94.3)† | 92.4 (91.9–92.9) | 94.9 (89.9–97.7)† | 9.4∗∗∗ | 2.5∗∗∗ | 11.9∗∗∗ |
| Measles immunization | 83.0 (55.2–96.8)† | 92.1 (91.6–92.6) | 97.3 (92.9–99.3)† | 9.1∗∗∗ | 5.2∗∗∗ | 14.3∗∗∗ |
| HB3 immunization | 58.9 (23.8–86.6)† | 93.3 (92.8–93.8) | 96.5 (91.3–98.9)† | 34.4∗∗∗ | 3.2∗∗∗ | 37.6∗∗∗ |
| Non-use of tobacco | 70.8 (69.9–71.7) | 73.4 (72.6–74.3) | 76.5 (75.7–77.3) | 2.6∗∗∗ | 3.1∗∗∗ | 5.7∗∗∗ |
| Non-overweight | 79.6 (78.6–80.5) | 59.7 (58.6–60.7) | 51.4 (50.3–52.6) | −19.9∗∗∗ | −8.3∗∗∗ | −28.2∗∗∗ |
| Non-underweight | 91.7 (91.0–92.3) | 94.2 (93.7–94.7) | 95.3 (94.8–95.7) | 2.5∗∗∗ | 1.1∗∗∗ | 3.6∗∗∗ |
| Improved water | 43.2 (42.7–43.6) | 57.2 (56.8–57.6) | 77.9 (77.6–78.2) | 14.0∗∗∗ | 20.7∗∗∗ | 34.7∗∗∗ |
| Adequate sanitation | 21.2 (20.8–21.5) | 33.4 (33.0–33.8) | 68.5 (68.2–68.8) | 12.2∗∗∗ | 35.1∗∗∗ | 47.3∗∗∗ |
| Composite prevention index | 65.6 (52.1–77.9) | 78.8 (63.6–90.7) | 87.7 (81.8–92.6) | 13.2∗∗∗ | 8.9∗∗∗ | 22.1∗∗∗ |
| Treatment indicators | ||||||
| Institutional delivery | 38.7 (38.2–39.1) | 88.6 (87.9–89.3) | 98.6 (98.4–98.8) | 49.9∗∗∗ | 10.0∗∗∗ | 59.9∗∗∗ |
| Skilled birth attendance | 80.5 (80.2–80.9) | 91.9 (91.3–92.5) | 97.4 (94.7–98.9)† | 11.4∗∗∗ | 5.5∗∗∗ | 16.9∗∗∗ |
| Normal blood pressure | 87.2 (86.5–87.8) | 72.4 (71.5–73.2) | 64.0 (63.0–65.0) | −14.8∗∗∗ | −8.4∗∗∗ | −23.2∗∗∗ |
| Hypertension awareness | 31.0 (28.5–33.6) | 43.7 (41.9–45.5) | 44.7 (43.0–46.4) | 12.7∗∗∗ | 1.0 | 13.7∗∗∗ |
| Hypertension treatment | 17.0 (15.1–19.2) | 35.1 (33.4–36.9) | 36.8 (35.1–38.4) | 18.1∗∗∗ | 1.7 | 19.8∗∗∗ |
| Hypertension control | 5.6 (4.5–6.9) | 11.3 (10.2–12.5) | 11.8 (10.8–13.0) | 5.7∗∗∗ | 0.5 | 6.2∗∗∗ |
| Tuberculosis treatment | 59.4 (53.4–65.4) | 74.3 (67.0–81.5) | 90.6 (84.4–96.8) | 14.9∗∗∗ | 16.3∗∗∗ | 31.2∗∗∗ |
| Outpatient care seeking | 63.6 (63.1–64.1) | 62.4 (61.9–62.9) | 88.2 (88.0–88.4) | −1.2∗∗∗ | 25.8∗∗∗ | 24.6∗∗∗ |
| Outpatient care seeking (aged 0–4) | 80.3 (79.0–81.6) | 80.3 (78.5–82.1) | 85.8 (84.7–87.0) | 0.0 | 5.5∗∗∗ | 5.5∗∗∗ |
| Inpatient care seeking | 75.2 (74.3–76.0) | 76.8 (76.1–77.5) | 78.5 (78.1–78.9) | 1.6∗∗∗ | 1.7∗∗∗ | 3.3∗∗∗ |
| Inpatient care seeking (aged 0–4) | 83.0 (80.7–85.4) | 92.5 (90.4–94.6) | 90.6 (89.2–91.9) | 9.5∗∗∗ | −1.9 | 7.6∗∗∗ |
| Time to the nearest medical facility | 63.3 (50.8–74.2)† | 69.9 (69.5–70.3) | 81.7 (81.5–82.0) | 6.6∗∗∗ | 11.8∗∗∗ | 18.4∗∗∗ |
| Composite treatment index | 57.1 (43.5–70.1) | 68.0 (58.4–76.8) | 75.5 (66.6–83.5) | 10.9∗∗∗ | 7.5∗∗∗ | 18.4∗∗∗ |
| Financial protection | ||||||
| Catastrophic health expenditure | 3.5 (3.1–4.0) | 7.9 (7.4–8.5) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 4.4∗∗∗ | −4.3∗∗∗ | 0.1 |
| Medical impoverishment | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 0.7∗∗∗ | −0.2 | 0.5∗∗∗ |
Notes: ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ denote the significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively. The results for immunization rates in 1993 and 2018, skilled birth attendance in 2018, and travel time to the nearest medical facility in 1993 were imputed using Bayesian linear regression. Hence, for these values, we used † to distinguish. In this table, NHSS included waves of 1993, 2008, and 2018, CHNS included waves of 1993, 2009, and 2015, and CHIP included waves of 1995, 2007, and 2018. ANC4 = At least four antenatal care visits; BCG = Bacillus Calmette - Guerin vaccine; DPT3 = three doses of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine; Polio3 = three doses of polio vaccine; HB3 = three doses of Hepatitis B vaccine. Composite prevention index and composite treatment index were computed using meta-analysis. Coverage of indicators in 1997–1998, 2002–2004, and 2011–2013 are presented in Appendix Table S3.