TABLE 1.
Basic information of seven commercial cyclosporine A products.
| Trade name | The company | Approval time | Approval agency | Formula features | Cyclosporine content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Restasis® Tuan et al. (2020) | Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, United States | 2002 | FDA | Anionic turbid oil-in-water emulsion | 0.05 |
| TJ Cyporin® Park et al. (2019) | Taejoon Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea | 2003 | MFDS | Nanoemulsion | 0.05 |
| Ikervis® Leonardi et al. (2016) | Santen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan | 2015 | EMA | Cationic emulsion | 0.1 |
| Clacier® Kim et al. (2017) | Huons Co., Seongnam, Korea | 2016 | MFDS | Transparent nanoemulsion with uniform particle size not more than 50 nm | 0.05 |
| Cequa® Tauber et al. (2018) | Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Cranbury, NJ, United States | 2018 | FDA | Nanomicellar, clear aqueous solution | 0.09 |
| Zirun® Chen et al. (2019) | Sinqi Pharmaceutical, Shenyang, China | 2020 | NMPA | Emulsion | 0.05 |
| CyclASol® Zhou and WEI (2014) | Novaliq GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany | 2022 | NDA | SFA-based nonaqueous preservative-free solution | 0.1 |
FDA, Food and Drug Administration; MFDS, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; EMA, European Medicines Agency; NMPA, National Medical Products Administration; NDA, New Drug Application; SFA, semifluorinated alkanes.