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Potential mechanisms of lactoferrin antiviral mechanism against SARS-CoV-2; (1) Inhibition of viral replication via the induced α and β IFN by direct binding of lactoferrin to its cell receptor, (2) Direct interaction of lactoferrin with SARS-CoV-2 prevents the binding of the virus to ACE2 receptor, (3) Binding of lactoferrin to HSPGs on the host cell surface which prevents the viral entry through the host cell (43, 99).
