Table 2.
Studies of different effects of lactoferrin on different viruses.
| Effect of lactoferrin | Target virus | Study type | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition of viral entry | Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) | In-vitro | (55, 80) |
| SARS-CoV | |||
| Reducing severity and duration of infection | SARS-CoV-2 | Clinical | (81) |
| Inhibition of cytopathic effect | Adenovirus | In-vitro | (82, 83) |
| Antiviral activity | Avian flu—H5N1 | In-vitro | (82–86) |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) | |||
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | |||
| Mayarovirus (MAYV) | |||
| Inhibition of binding and replication | Echovirus 5 | In-vitro | (18, 46, 82, 83, 87) |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | |||
| Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) | |||
| Mouse norovirus (MNV) | |||
| Inhibition of viral replication | Cytomegalovirus | In-vitro | (83, 88) |
| Echovirus type 6 | |||
| Inhibition of viral adsorption and increase survival | Enterovirus 71—EV71 Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) | In-vitro, in-vivo, clinical | (82, 83, 89–91) |
| Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) | |||
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | |||
| Neutralizing virus, blocking invasion | Hepatitis C virus | In-vitro and clinical | (83, 92, 93) |
| Inhibition of cytopathic effect | Human papillomavirus | In-vitro | (82, 94) |
| Inhibition of cytotoxicity, reduction in gastroenteritis incidence and symptom | Norovirus | In-vitro and clinical | (82) |
| Inhibition of cytopathic effect, decreasing the prevalence and severity | Rotavirus | In-vitro and clinical | (82, 95) |
| Blocking viral entry and inhibition of replication | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | In-vitro | (83, 96, 97) |
| Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) |