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The effects of copper deficiency on mice are divided into eight primary aspects: (i) reduced antibody secretion by B cells; (ii) reduced IL-2 secretion by helper T cells; (iii) reduced target cell killing capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL); (iv) reduced number of neutrophils and production of superoxide anion (O2-); (v) reduced responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation; (vi) thymic atrophy; (vii) splenomegaly and (viii) decreased ceruloplasmin(CP).
