Table 2.
Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of SVT patients with COVID-19
| Variables | No. Pts evaluated | Frequency (percentage) or Mean ± SD (range) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75 | 45.73 ± 15.83 (20–88) |
| Male | 73 | 46 (63.01%) |
| Comorbidity | 63 | 40 (63.49%) |
| Obesity | 63 | 6 (9.52%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 63 | 12 (19.05%) |
| Hypertension | 63 | 9 (14.29%) |
| Liver diseases | 63 | 10 (15.87%) |
| Alcohol liver cirrhosis | 63 | 5 (7.94%) |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 63 | 2 (3.17%) |
| Hepatitis B virus | 63 | 2 (3.17%) |
| Hepatitis C virus | 63 | 1 (1.59%) |
| Diagnosis of inherited or acquired thrombophilia | 39 | 11 (28.21%) |
| Positive lupus anticoagulant | 39 | 5 (12.82%) |
| Positive JAK2 V617F mutation alone | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Decreased protein C and S | 39 | 2 (5.13%) |
| Essential thrombocythemia | 39 | 2 (5.13%) |
| Positive AT-III | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Diagnostic tests for COVID-19 | ||
| Positive RT-PCR on nasopharynx swab | 48 | 35 (72.92%) |
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody | 48 | 10 (20.83%) |
| Chest CT | 48 | 2 (4.17%) |
| RNA in situ hybridization technique | 48 | 1 (2.08%) |
| Imaging tests for SVT diagnosis | ||
| CT scans | 69 | 62 (89.86%) |
| Contrast-enhanced CT scans specified | 69 | 55 (79.71%) |
| Ultrasound | 69 | 2 (2.90%) |
| Others | 69 | 5 (7.25%) |
| Symptoms | ||
| Abdominal pain | 75 | 63 (84.00%) |
| Fever | 75 | 28 (37.33%) |
| Abdominal distension | 75 | 5 (6.67%) |
| Vomiting, nausea | 75 | 13 (17.33%) |
| Dyspnea | 75 | 12 (16.00%) |
| Fatigue, weakness | 75 | 5 (6.67%) |
| Interval from the onset of COVID-19 to symptoms/signs of SVT (days) | 44 | 12 ± 19 (0–90) |
| Extension of SVT | ||
| Portal vein thrombosis | 77 | 55 (71.43%) |
| Splenic vein thrombosis | 77 | 19 (24.68%) |
| Mesenteric vein thrombosis | 77 | 41 (53.25%) |
| Budd-Chiari syndrome | 77 | 8 (10.39%) |
| Concomitant thrombosis developing at other locations | 77 | 12 (15.58%) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 77 | 4 (5.19%) |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 77 | 1 (1.30%) |
| Abdominal artery thrombosis | 77 | 7 (9.10%) |
| Anticoagulant therapy | 72 | 60 (83.33%) |
| Type of anticoagulants | ||
| Heparins | 48 | 38 (79.17%) |
| Unfractionated heparin | 48 | 3 (6.25%) |
| Low molecular weight heparin | 48 | 27 (56.25%) |
| Enoxaparin | 48 | 16 (33.33%) |
| Dalteparin | 48 | 2 (4.17%) |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 48 | 9 (18.75%) |
| Warfarin | 48 | 8 (16.67%) |
| Direct oral anticoagulants | 48 | 12 (25.00%) |
| Rivaroxaban | 48 | 4 (8.33%) |
| Apixaban | 48 | 8 (16.67%) |
| Bowel resection | 72 | 11 (15.28%) |
| After anticoagulation failed | 72 | 5 (6.94%) |
| Without anticoagulation | 72 | 6 (8.33%) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 72 | 2 (2.78%) |
| Antibiotic therapy | 72 | 19 (26.39%) |
| Duration of anticoagulation ≥ 6 months | 21 | 16 (76.19%) |
| Improvement of clinical symptoms | 64 | 55 (85.94%) |
| After anticoagulant therapy | 60 | 47 (78.33%) |
| Death | 64 | 9 (14.01%) |
| Bowel ischemia/necrosis | 9 | 5 (55.56%) |
| Septic shock | 9 | 4 (44.44%) |
| Follow-up duration ≥ 1 month | 20 | 17 (85.00%) |
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SVT splanchnic vein thrombosis, CT computed tomography