Table 3.
Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of SVT patients having received COVID-19 vaccines
| Variables | No. Pts evaluated | Frequency (percentage) or Mean ± SD (range) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 | 43.86 ± 11.53 (23–68) |
| Male | 57 | 20 (35.09%) |
| Comorbidity | 39 | 18 (46.15%) |
| Obesity | 39 | 5 (12.82%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 | 3 (7.69%) |
| Hypertension | 39 | 4 (10.26%) |
| Liver diseases | 39 | 4 (10.26%) |
| Alcohol liver cirrhosis | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Hepatitis C virus | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome | 39 | 1 (2.56%) |
| Type of COVID-19 vaccines | ||
| ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca) | 58 | 52 (89.66%) |
| Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) | 58 | 5 (8.62%) |
| BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer) | 58 | 1 (1.72%) |
| Diagnosis of inherited or acquired thrombophilia | 23 | 5 (21.74%) |
| Positive lupus anticoagulant | 23 | 1 (4.35%) |
| Von Willebrand disease | 23 | 2 (8.70%) |
| Positive JAK2 V617F mutation | 23 | 1 (4.35%) |
| C667T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism | 23 | 1 (4.35%) |
| Positive anti-platelet factor 4 antibody test | 38 | 34 (89.47%) |
| Imaging tests for SVT diagnosis | ||
| CT scans | 47 | 43 (91.49%) |
| Contrast-enhanced CT scans specified | 47 | 36 (76.60%) |
| Ultrasound | 47 | 4 (8.51%) |
| Symptoms | ||
| Abdominal pain | 52 | 36 (69.23%) |
| Fever | 52 | 8 (15.38%) |
| Vomiting, nausea | 52 | 15 (28.85%) |
| Dyspnea | 52 | 3 (5.77%) |
| Headache | 52 | 19 (36.54%) |
| Interval from COVID-19 vaccination to symptoms/signs of SVT (days) | 51 | 15 ± 18 (1–110) |
| Extension of SVT | ||
| Portal vein thrombosis | 61 | 52 (85.25%) |
| Splenic vein thrombosis | 61 | 25 (40.98%) |
| Mesenteric vein thrombosis | 61 | 23 (37.70%) |
| Budd-Chiari syndrome | 61 | 11 (18.03%) |
| Concomitant thrombosis developing at other locations | 61 | 37 (60.66%) |
| Cerebrovascular thrombosis | 37 | 25 (67.57%) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 37 | 19 (51.35%) |
| Abdominal artery thrombosis | 37 | 6 (16.22%) |
| Anticoagulant therapy | 50 | 45 (90.00%) |
| Type of anticoagulants | ||
| Unfractionated heparin | 41 | 4 (9.76%) |
| Low molecular weight heparin | 41 | 8 (19.51%) |
| Enoxaparin | 41 | 4 (9.76%) |
| Fondaparinux (i.v.) | 41 | 15 (36.59%) |
| Direct oral anticoagulants | 41 | 16 (39.02%) |
| Rivaroxaban | 41 | 2 (4.88%) |
| Apixaban | 41 | 9 (21.95%) |
| Dabigatran | 41 | 3 (7.32%) |
| Argatroban (i.v.) | 41 | 12 (29.27%) |
| Bowel resection after anticoagulation failed | 50 | 2 (4.00%) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 50 | 33 (66.00%) |
| Antibiotic therapy | 50 | 2 (4.00%) |
| Duration of anticoagulation ≥ 3 months | 5 | 5 (100%) |
| Improvement of clinical symptoms | 59 | 38 (64.41%) |
| After anticoagulant therapy | 45 | 35 (77.78%) |
| Death | 59 | 15 (25.42%) |
| Multidistrict thrombosis | 15 | 2 (13.33%) |
| Multiple organ failure | 15 | 3 (20.00%) |
| Septic shock | 15 | 1 (6.67%) |
| Causes of death were not specified | 15 | 9 (60.00%) |
| Follow-up duration ≥ 1 month | 10 | 7 (70.00%) |
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SVT splanchnic vein thrombosis, CT computed tomography