. 2022 Nov 20;36(2):347–375. doi: 10.1007/s11145-022-10388-x

Table 4.

M(SD) of standard language and literacy scores by group by time point

	Vocabulary					Phonological Awareness
	M (SD)	t	df	p	d	M (SD)	t	df	p	d
Full sample
T1	106.85 (18.66)	5.38	227	< .001	.51	10.69 (2.91)	1.59	231	.11	− .15
T2	111.77 (17.78)	5.38	227	< .001	.51	10.46 (3.04)	1.59	231	.11	− .15
English monolingual
T1	114.13 (15.51)	.69	226	.494	.06	10.05 (2.80)	− 2.05	230	.042	− .19
T2	115.10 (14.55)	.69	226	.494	.06	9.59 (3.00)	− 2.05	230	.042	− .19
Spanish bilingual
T1	100.15 (19.18)	4.09	226	< .001	.39	10.82 (3.20)	− .78	231	.439	− .07
T2	106.69 (18.98)	4.09	226	< .001	.39	10.62 (3.06)	− .78	231	.439	− .07
Chinese bilingual
T1	104.02 (18.86)	5.21	226	< .001	.49	11.43 (2.55)	.28	230	.783	.03
T2	112.65 (19.44)	5.21	226	< .001	.49	11.51 (2.74)	.28	230	.783	.03

	Word reading					Passage comprehension
Full sample
T1	108.17 (17.33)	2.22	228	.027	.21	102.17 (14.62)	− 2.07	210	.040	− .20
T2	109.69 (17.19)	2.22	228	.027	.21	100.58 (14.58)	− 2.07	210	.040	− .20
English monolingual
T1	104.17 (16.86)	1.06	227	.292	.10	100.00 (15.64)	.49	209	.622	.05
T2	105.32 (17.93)	1.06	227	.292	.10	100.59 (13.65)	.49	209	.622	.05
Spanish bilingual
T1	108.58 (18.95)	.24	227	.811	.02	100.13 (14.26)	− 2.83	209	.005	− .28
T2	108.88 (17.43)	.24	227	.811	.02	96.21 (15.04)	− 2.83	209	.005	− .28
Chinese bilingual
T1	113.38 (14.70)	2.66	227	.008	.25	107.14 (12.37)	− 1.58	209	.115	− .16
T2	116.80 (13.36)	2.66	227	.008	.25	104.95 (14.24)	− 1.58	209	.115	− .16

T1: Time 1; T2: Time 2; p values indicated the paired simple effects between T1 and T2 task performance for each group based on respective linear mixed-effects regressions. The statistics split by language group should be thresholded under Bonferroni correction at .017 for three multiple comparisons (the full sample statistics do not apply)