Table 5.
Bivariate correlation between standardized behavioral scores, home literacy factors, and socioeconomic factors
| M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Family income 2019 | 8.66 | 2.55 | ||||||||||||
| 2. Family income change | 1.24 | 0.94 | − .19** | |||||||||||
| 3. Parent bedtime reading | 2.65 | 2.6 | .11 | .00 | ||||||||||
| 4. Number of books at home | 9.74 | 3.64 | .19** | − .06 | .24** | |||||||||
| 5. Child independent reading | 3.11 | 1.2 | .26*** | − .04 | .17* | .39*** | ||||||||
| 6. T1 vocabularya | 106.85 | 18.66 | .17* | .00 | .12 | .31*** | .26*** | |||||||
| 7. T2 vocabularya | 111.77 | 17.78 | .14 | − .01 | .16* | .31*** | .40*** | .71*** | ||||||
| 8. T1 phonological awarenessb | 10.69 | 2.91 | .18* | − .12* | − .07 | − .01 | .30*** | .24*** | .30*** | |||||
| 9. T2 phonological awarenessb | 10.46 | 3.04 | .09 | − .12* | − .10 | − .06 | .20** | .22** | .33*** | .72*** | ||||
| 10. T1 word readinga | 108.17 | 17.33 | .17* | − .16* | − .12 | .06 | .28*** | .35*** | .44*** | .65*** | .61*** | |||
| 11. T2 word readinga | 109.69 | 17.19 | .18* | − .14 | − .09 | .03 | .27*** | .31*** | .43*** | .60*** | .65*** | .82*** | ||
| 12. T1 reading comprehensiona | 102.17 | 14.62 | .25*** | − .17* | − .01 | .17* | .27*** | .34*** | .47*** | .57*** | .54*** | .74*** | .66*** | |
| 13. T2 reading comprehensiona | 100.58 | 14.58 | .21** | − .19** | .07 | .24** | .44*** | .46*** | .61*** | .47*** | .49*** | .67*** | .70*** | .71*** |
T1: Time 1; T2: Time 2; The scale for the language and literacy assessments refers to the mean and standard deviation for the standard scores of each measure; significance levels may vary due to different sample sizes
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001
aAge-normed mean = 100, standard deviation = 15
bAge-normed mean = 10, typical range: 8–12