Table 6.
Hierarchical Regression predicting Time 2 vocabulary (Model 1), word reading (Model 2), and reading comprehension (Model 3)
| Variable | Model 1: Time 2 Vocabulary | Model 2: Time 2 Word Reading | Model 3: Time 2 Reading Comprehension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | |
| Step 1 | |||||||||
| Time 1–Time 2 interval | .05 | .77 | .442 | .08 | 1.72 | .087 | .11 | 1.67 | .097 |
| Time 1 grade | − .13 | − 2.20 | .029 | − .09 | − 1.94 | .054 | .08 | 1.32 | .188 |
| Bilingual status (Spanish) | .01 | .21 | .910 | − .02 | − .38 | .703 | − .11 | − 1.67 | .097 |
| Bilingual status (Chinese) | .09 | 1.18 | .213 | .04 | .78 | .436 | − .04 | − .59 | .558 |
| Maternal education | > − .01 | .07 | .952 | .07 | 1.42 | .157 | .07 | 1.09 | .279 |
| Family income 2019 | < .01 | .05 | .911 | < .01 | .02 | .981 | .02 | .24 | .810 |
| Family income change during COVID | .01 | .20 | .800 | − .02 | − .50 | .616 | − .06 | − .97 | .335 |
| Time 1 vocabulary | .71 | 11.73 | < .001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Time 1 word reading | – | – | – | .78 | 16.84 | < .001 | – | – | – |
| Time 1 reading comprehension | – | – | – | – | – | – | .66 | 10.32 | < .001 |
| R2adjusted = .47 | R2adjusted = .69 | R2adjusted = .48 | |||||||
| Step 2 | |||||||||
| Number of books at home | .05 | .81 | .420 | − .01 | − .26 | .793 | < .01 | .01 | .996 |
| Parent bedtime reading during COVID | .07 | 1.19 | .234 | .05 | .55 | .580 | .05 | .92 | .361 |
| Child independent reading during COVID | .22 | 3.47 | < .001 | .03 | 1.01 | .313 | .26 | 3.91 | .001 |
|
R2adjusted = .52 ΔR2 = .050 F (3, 160) = 6.72 p < .001 |
R2adjusted = .69 ΔR2 = − .003 F (3, 163) = .50 p = .683 |
R2adjusted = .53 Δ R2 = .052 F (3, 152) = 6.75 p < .001 |
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