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. 2022 Nov 7;13:1051647. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051647

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Copyright © 2022 Nguyen, Radwanska and Magez

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Chronic T. evansi Merzouga 93 infection hallmarked by high antibody titers and anti-inflammatory cytokine response. (A) Total antibodies titers (line graphs) and anti-VSG antibodies titers (bar graphs). Results present log2 fold change of OD50 values (for total antibodies) or end-point titer (for anti-VSG antibodies) of infected mice vs naïve sample. For anti-VSG antibodies titers, only significant values when compared with naïve (p≤ 0.05) are presented. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 by Student t-test vs naïve values. (B) Concentration of TNFα, INFɣ, and IL-10 in blood plasma during infection. DL: detection limit. Data presents mean + SD from 3 individual mice from one representative among three independent experiments. (C) IL-10/TNFα and IL-10/INFɣ ratios, computed by dividing the average IL-10 concentration by the average TNF and INFγ concentrations at the same time point.