Table 3.
Descriptive and inferential analysis of all measures tested.
| Measures | Descriptive | Inference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exergame training | Control | ||||||||
| T0 | T1 | T0 | T1 | Variable | df | F | value of p | Cond.R2 | |
| Memory tasks | |||||||||
| DS-F | 5.71 (1.14) | 5.89 (0.98) | 6.05 (0.91) | 6.11 (1.2) | Group | 155 | 0.64 | 0.426 | 0.52 |
| Time | 155 | 1.13 | 0.292 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.2 | 0.657 | ||||||
| DS-B | 4.34 (1.12) | 4.63 (1.34) | 4.68 (0.89) | 4.74 (0.99) | Group | 155 | 1.39 | 0.244 | 0.6 |
| Time | 155 | 0.6 | 0.441 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.67 | 0.418 | ||||||
| 2back Go | 21.5 (2.33) | 22.57 (2.84) | 20.89 (4.34) | 21.95 (2.76) | Group | 147.5 | 8.3 | 0.006* | 0.68 |
| Time | 148.8 | 0.54 | 0.465 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 147.5 | 0 | 0.966 | ||||||
| 2back FA | 5.03 (4.55) | 5.57 (5.11) | 7.21 (9.6) | 6 (6.23) | Group | 146.7 | 0.34 | 0.562 | 0.63 |
| Time | 149.3 | 0.77 | 0.383 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 146.7 | 0.85 | 0.361 | ||||||
| 3back_Go | 17.68 (4.36) | 18.51 (4.45) | 16 (5.22) | 17.11 (4.32) | Group | 153.6 | 1.58 | 0.214 | 0.34 |
| Time | 154.5 | 2.03 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 153.6 | 0.01 | 0.909 | ||||||
| 3back_FA | 6.7 (5.19) | 5.59 (3.5) | 4.18 (2.38) | 6 (5.78) | Group | 147.6 | 0.21 | 0.649 | 0.79 |
| Time | 149.9 | 0.21 | 0.646 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 147.6 | 5.5 | 0.023* | ||||||
| SPART | 18.03 (4.76) | 18.89 (5.65) | 18.05 (3.69) | 18.79 (4.94) | Group | 155 | 0.89 | 0.349 | 0.26 |
| Time | 155 | 0 | 0.972 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.01 | 0.939 | ||||||
| SPARTD | 6.13 (2.33) | 6.45 (2.34) | 6.26 (2.38) | 5.95 (1.99) | Group | 155 | 0 | 1 | 0.44 |
| Time | 155 | 0.11 | 0.736 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.85 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Attention, executive functions, processing speed and inhibition | |||||||||
| STROOPW | 66.45 (8.73) | 68.45 (9.45) | 63.37 (10.51) | 65.58 (10.36) | Group | 155 | 3.46 | 0.068 | 0.66 |
| Time | 155 | 1.49 | 0.227 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.01 | 0.926 | ||||||
| STROOPC | 46.32 (6.81) | 49.87 (6.68) | 44.22 (8.43) | 44.58 (9.28) | Group | 153.4 | 5.29 | 0.025* | 0.82 |
| Time | 154.3 | 2.58 | 0.114 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 153.4 | 9.04 | 0.004* | ||||||
| STROOPCW | 24.03 (5.43) | 26.11 (6.5) | 23.61 (6.55) | 24.47 (6.7) | Group | 154.8 | 3.98 | 0.051 | 0.68 |
| Time | 155.5 | 0.37 | 0.543 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 154.8 | 0.84 | 0.362 | ||||||
| Group | 155 | 5.48 | 0.023* | 0.8 | |||||
| Time | 155 | 0.38 | 0.538 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.13 | 0.715 | ||||||
| TMT-A | 44.5 (15.4) | 37.34 (11.39) | 47.26 (18.44) | 44.05 (16.76) | Group | 155 | 6.94 | 0.011* | 0.59 |
| Time | 155 | 1.62 | 0.209 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 1.01 | 0.32 | ||||||
| TMT-B | 108.29 (35.36) | 99.74 (25.61) | 111.11 (47.68) | 103.89 (48.63) | Group | 155 | 4.29 | 0.043* | 0.74 |
| Time | 155 | 0.13 | 0.723 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.03 | 0.861 | ||||||
| Psychomotor speed and motor control | |||||||||
| SRT median | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.3 (0.04) | Group | 154.7 | 0.37 | 0.545 | 0.32 |
| Time | 155.1 | 0.35 | 0.557 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 154.7 | 2.38 | 0.129 | ||||||
| Go median | 0.38 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.04) | Group | 155 | 1.71 | 0.196 | 0.66 |
| Time | 155 | 0.13 | 0.716 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 1.88 | 0.176 | ||||||
| HITs (Go) | 35.74 (4.38) | 35.97 (4.4) | 35.53 (5.15) | 35.63 (4.84) | Group | 155 | 0.15 | 0.702 | 0.76 |
| Time | 155 | 0.05 | 0.821 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.02 | 0.883 | ||||||
| FAs (NoGo) | 1.18 (1.43) | 0.74 (0.79) | 1.21 (1.18) | 0.89 (0.94) | Group | 155 | 4.25 | 0.044* | 0.34 |
| Time | 155 | 0.13 | 0.722 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 0.13 | 0.724 | ||||||
| Questionnaires (self-perceived mood and cognitive efficacy) | |||||||||
| BDI | 7.16 (5.91) | 4.47 (4.69) | 7.89 (5.18) | 8.05 (5.42) | Group | 155 | 3.28 | 0.076 | 0.6 |
| Time | 155 | 2.66 | 0.109 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 4.15 | 0.046* | ||||||
| CFQ | 33.21 (13.39) | 29.05 (12.58) | 35.21 (14.21) | 35.05 (12.03) | Group | 155 | 2.42 | 0.125 | 0.72 |
| Time | 155 | 1.39 | 0.244 | ||||||
| Group*Time | 155 | 2.08 | 0.155 | ||||||
Means and standards deviations for all measures are indicated; T0, pre-test; T1, post-test; df, degree of freedom; DS-F, Digit Span Forward; DS-B, Digit Span Backward; SPART, Spatial Recall Test; SPART-D, Spatial Recall Test—Delay; STROOPW, Stroop Word; STROOPC, Stroop Colour; STROOPCW, Stroop Colour-Word; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities test; TMT-A and TMT-B, Trail Making Test A and B; SRT, Simple Reaction Time; HITs, correct responses; FAs, False Alarms; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; CFQ, Cognitive Failure Questionnaire.
*
p < 0.05. The bold represents a significant Group*Time interaction.