Table 1.

Characteristics of included records

Study	Method(s)	Analytical approach	HCPs (n)	Practice setting(s)	HCP experience	Encounters observed	Location	Number of findings (online supplemental appendix E)
Aita V et al.34 (2005)	Chart audits, interviews, narrative descriptions, note taking, participatory observations	Coding, group analysis, themes	Physicians (44)	18 Family practice clinics	Unspecified	1500	USA	25
Chhabra KR et al.49 (2013)	Observations of audio-recorded consultations	Theme-oriented discourse analysis	Oncologists (15)	2 Cancer centres	Unspecified	20	USA	27
Davis K et al.35 (2017)	Semi-structured interviews	Coding, themes	Physicians (33)	Multiple clinics in 2 HMO territories	Mean 13–20 years	N/A	USA	20
Elwyn G et al.54 (2000)	Focus groups	Codes, themes	GPs (6)	6 Service settings	Mean 12 years	N/A	UK	40
Feiring E et al.36 (2020)	Document analysis, in-depth interviews	Thematic analysis	Various (8)	4 Specialist institutions	Unspecified	N/A	Norway	16
Ford S et al.*32 (2002)	Semi-structured interviews	Constant comparative analysis	Various (37)	Hospitals and clinics	Unspecified	N/A	UK	17
Ford S et al.*31 (2003)	Semi-structured interviews	Constant comparative analysis	Various (37)	Hospitals and clinics	Unspecified	N/A	UK	54
Ford S et al.50 (2006)	Observation of video-taped consultations	Thematic coding	GPs (13)	12 GP surgeries	Unspecified	149	UK	16
Friedberg MW et al.37 (2013)	Semi-structured interviews	Codes, themes	Various (23)	8 Primary care	Unspecified	N/A	USA	23
Golden SE et al.38 (2017)	Interviews	Directed content analysis	Various (20)	7 Medical centres	Mean 12 years	N/A	USA	30
Gruß I et al.39 (2019)	Observations, semi-structured interviews	Codes, template analysis	Physicians (8)	1 Cancer clinic	Unspecified	8	USA	24
Hall J et al.59 (2011)	Narrative review	Narrative review	Various (unspecified)	N/A	N/A	N/A	USA	18
Hart PL et al.58 (2014)	Mail survey	Thematic analysis	Nurses (374)	Hospital (43%) Non-hospital (57%)	Mean 22.4 years	N/A	USA	10
Hisham R et al.40 (2016)	Focus groups, in-depth interviews	Thematic analysis	Physicians (18)	2 Rural clinics	Mean 6.2 years	N/A	Malaysia	7
Jefford M et al.60 (2002)	Review	Review	Doctors (unspecified)	Unspecified	Unspecified	N/A	Australia	27
Kennedy BM et al.55 (2017)	Focus groups, survey	Thematic categorisation	Various (7)	1 Rural clinic	Median 12 years	N/A	USA	18
Landmark AM et al.51 (2016)	Observations of video-recorded encounters	Conversation analysis	Physicians (17)	1 University hospital	Unspecified	17	Norway	34
Lown B et al.11 (2009)	Research work groups	Constant comparative analysis and grounded theory	PCPs (41)	Hospital-based practices	‘At least >3 years postresidency’	N/A	USA	49
McLeod H33 (2017)	Observations of video-recorded encounters, VRE	Grounded theory	PCPs (17)	1 Hospital-based clinic	Unspecified	15	USA	89
Murdoch J et al.52 (2020)	Observations of video-recorded consultations	Conversation analysis	GPs (5)	3 General practices	Range <10 to >20 years	22	UK	37
Paiva D et al.56 (2019)	Focus groups	Grounded theory	Various (12)	1 Institution	Range 1 to >10 years	N/A	Portugal	36
Pieterse AH et al.53 (2011)	Observations of video-recorded consultations	Coded and categorised observations	Radiation oncologists (10)	1 Hospital	Median 7 years	25	The Netherlands	35
Salter C et al.41 (2019)	Focus group, interview, observations of video-recorded consultations	Thematic analysis	GPs (5)	3 General practices	Range <10 to >20 years	40	UK	40
Schulman-Green DJ et al.57 (2006)	Focus groups	Content analysis	Various (11)	Hospital-affiliated practices	Unspecified	N/A	USA	14
Shepherd HL et al.42 (2011)	Telephone interviews	Framework analysis	Physicians (22)	Unspecified	Mean 24 years	N/A	Australia	19
Shortus T et al.43 (2011)	In-depth interviews	Grounded theory, constant comparison	Various (29)	‘…a range of clinical settings…’	‘…a range of clinical experience…’	N/A	Australia	29
Tracy CS et al.44 (2003)	Semi-structured interviews	Constant comparative method	FPs (15)	15 Practices	Range 2–32 years	N/A	Canada	18
Van Humbeeck L et al.45 (2020)	Delphi, cognitive interviewing, survey	Thematic analysis	Various (174)	2 Hospitals	Range <1 to >21 years	N/A	Belgium	26
Vermunt N et al.46 (2019)	Semi-structured interviews	Framework analysis	Physicians (33)	Hospitals and community clinics	Range 3–34 years	N/A	The Netherlands	29
Visser LNC et al.47 (2018)	Semi-structured interviews	Content analysis	Oncologists (13)	Academic and general hospitals	Range 4–41 years	N/A	The Netherlands	31
Zulman DM et al.48 (2020)	Delphi, interviews, observations	Evidence review	Physicians (18)	Primary care clinics at 1 academic medical centre, 1 VA hospital, 1 federally qualified health centre	Unspecified	27	USA	47

HCP experience early career <11 years, mid-career 11–20 years, late career ≥21 years.⁸⁸

*Ford 2002 and Ford 2003 are two reports from the same study.

CV, cardiovascular; DAS-O, decision analysis system for oncology; GP, general practitioner; HCP, healthcare professional; HMO, health maintenance organisation; N/A, not applicable; PCP, primary care physician; VA, veteran's administration; VRE, video reflexive ethnography.