Fig. 1.

The workflow schematic for data selection, neuroimaging-derived feature extraction, and subsequent BWAS analysis. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; BWAS, brain-wide association study; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; FA, fractional anisotropy; ICVF, intra-cellular volume fraction; MS, multiple sclerosis. The list of BWAS covariates is age, sex, age², age × sex, age² × sex, standing height, weight, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, the top 10 principal components of the genetic matrix, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.