Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the groups.

Characteristics	Cognitive decline group (n = 86)	Stable cognition group (n = 36)	Statistic (t or Chi-square)	p value	ADNI-cognitive decline group (n = 32)	ADNI-stable cognition group (n = 36)	Statistic (t or Chi-square)	p value
Age, year	68.28 ± 7.12	65.19 ± 7.88	2.11	0.04*	75.59 ± 8.45	72.79 ± 6.36	1.55	0.13*
Sex (male/female)	40/46	19/17	0.19	0.67**	12/20	18/18	0.63	0.30**
Education level, year	9.26 ± 4.69	9.53 ± 3.98	−0.31	0.76*	–	–	–	–
CDR score at baseline (n)
0	8	7			11	14
0.5	74	27	2.54	0.28**	17	21	2.35	0.31**
1	4	2			4	1
MMSE score at baseline	24.34 ± 3.38	24.56 ± 2.98	−0.34	0.74*	27.59 ± 2.59	27.78 ± 2.87	−0.28	0.78*
MMSE score at follow-up	17.52 ± 8.19	25.81 ± 2.73	−8.33	<0.01*	25.31 ± 3.47	28.83 ± 2.18	−4.94	<0.01*
Change rate in MMSE scores	−1.62 ± 1.50	0.63 ± 0.80	−8.53	<0.01*	−1.69 ± 1.23	0.77 ± 0.75	−10.05	<0.01*
Hypertension, n (%)	37 (43.02%)	10 (27.78%)	1.89	0.17**	–	–	–	–
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	17 (19.77%)	7 (19.44%)	<0.01	>0.99**	–	–	–	–
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	25 (29.07%)	4 (11.11%)	3.58	0.06**	–	–	–	–
ApoE4 carrier, n (%)	30 (34.88%)	1 (2.78%)	12.16	<0.01**	16 (50%)	19 (53%)	0.05	0.82**

ADNI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; CDR, clinical dementia rating; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; ApoE4, apolipoprotein E4.

Data are mean value ± SD or n (%) unless specified otherwise.

^*Independent t test, significance level = 0.05.

^**Chi-square test, significance level = 0.05.