Table 3.
Significant simple indirect effects in the hypothesized model (N = 1256).
| Simple indirect effects | Estimate | SE | 95%BCI |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Higher | p | |||
| Total COVID-19 cases (T0)→ Perceived illness severity (T1)→ Perceived illness severity (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | .042 |
| Total COVID-19 cases (T0)→ Response efficacy (T1)→Response efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | >-0.001 | <0.001 | >-0.001 | >-0.001 | .049 |
| Total COVID-19 cases (T0)→ Self-efficacy (T1)→ Self-efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | >-0.001 | <0.001 | >-0.001 | >-0.001 | .005 |
| General anxiety symptoms (T1)→ Perceived illness severity (T1)→ Perceived illness severity (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | .037 |
| General anxiety symptoms (T1)→Response efficacy (T1)→Response efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.003 | >-0.001 | .011 |
| General anxiety symptoms (T1)→Response costs (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | −0.002 | 0.001 | −0.005 | >-0.001 | .012 |
| Response costs (T1)→Response costs (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | −0.009 | 0.003 | −0.016 | −0.003 | .002 |
| Response efficacy (T1)→Response efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.014 | .005 |
| Self-efficacy (T1)→ Self-efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | 0.044 | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.059 | <.001 |
| Total COVID-19 cases (T2)→ Self-efficacy (T3)→Handwashing adherence (T3) | >-0.001 | <0.001 | >-0.001 | >-0.001 | .005 |
Note. Significant effects are presented only. All tested indirect effects (including not significant) are reports in Supplementary Table 3, Supplemental Materials. The values of the majority of indirect effect estimates were either larger than −0.001 (i.e., −0.0002) or smaller than 0.001 (i.e., 0.0002). T0 = Time 0; T1 = Time 1 (1–7 days later); T2 = Time 2 (one month after T1), T3 = Time 3 (1–7 days after T2); Handwashing = Handwashing adherence (based on the CDC Guidelines); Total COVID-19 Cases = the number of total COVID-19 cases from the beginning of pandemic per country per date. Data were collected in 14 countries between March 25, 2020 and September 20, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.