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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Apr 12;61(10):1273–1284. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.030

Figure 3. Wald Test Statistic for Difference in Estimated Means Between Non-ADHD and ADHD Tier Groups scaled by relative effect magnitude.

Figure 3.

For clarity of presentation, cases of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or intellectual development disorder are excluded (“ADHD-1” is thus excluded, as it includes those cases. ADHD-2 is just ADHD-1 with those rule out cases removed). The X axis represents ADHD Tier 2, Tier 3, and Tier 4 respectively. Values in the grid represent Wald test statistics comparing each attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype definition to non-ADHD cases, with larger numbers representing a larger effect size. The color scale thus depicts the difference in magnitude of the effect between the ADHD-Tier 2 comparison to non-ADHD, and the effect for ADHD-3 and ADHD-4 respectively versus non-ADHD. Thus, the effect for PRS detection is 7x as great for ADHD-4 as ADHD-2 or ADHD, whereas the effect for executive function (EF) for Tier 4 is roughly double the other tiers. PRS is polygenic risk score using the LDPRED method as noted in the text and supplement. The most restrictive definition most effectively captures hypothesized mechanistic cognitive features associated with ADHD.