Table 1. The information of sample plots.

Sample plots	Experimental design and vegetation overview
CK1	CK1 was an unrestored plot. The site was a quarry platform formed in 2020, which had been covered with soil and leveled, but no artificial vegetation restoration had been carried out. Local annual herbaceous vegetation such as Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Chloris virgata and Lepidium apetalum were distributed. CK1 was taken as the starting point of vegetation restoration effect evaluation.
CK2	CK2 was an unmined plot. This sample plot was the natural habitat with less human disturbance. Natural vegetation included Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Themeda triandra, Artemisia stechmanniana, Bothriochloa ischaemum, etc. This sample plot was the evaluation standard of vegetation soil restoration effect.
Rh	Rh was a Rhus Typhina plot. This sample area was a pure Rhus Typhina forest, and there were few herbs under the forest. It had been restored for 10 years.
Mg	Mg was a miscellaneous grass plot. This sample plot was mainly gramineous plants such as Eleusine indica, Zoysia japonica and Buchloe dactyloides, mixed with cosmos bipinnata and Lespedeza formosa. It had been restored for 10 years.
Me	Me was a Medicago sativa plot. This sample plot had been artificially restored with herb (Medicago sativa) for 10 years. Medicago sativa declined, and local annual herbs such as Setaria viridis, Salsola collina and Chenopodium album appeared. It had been restored for 10 years.
Or	Or was an orchard plot. This sample plot was a variety of fruit trees, and there were a large number of natural weeds under the tree, including Cymodon doctylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Imperata cyindrica, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Descurainia sophia, Humulus scandens etc. It had been restored for 10 years.
Pi	Pi was a Pinus Tabuliformis plot. This sample plot was pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest, and there were few herbs under the forest. It had been restored for 10 years.

Note:

Among, CK1 was an unrestored plot. CK2 was an unmined plot. Rh was a Rhus Typhina plot. Mg was a miscellaneous grass plot. Me was a Medicago sativa plot. Or was an orchard plot. Pi was a Pinus Tabuliformis plot.