Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| All patients (n = 102) |
no P-AKI (n = 63) |
P-AKI (n = 39) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Sex, male | 69 (67.6) | 42 (66.7) | 27 (69.2) | 0.788 |
| Age, yr | 70 ± 15 | 70 ± 14 | 71 ± 17 | 0.826 |
| Hypertension | 57 (55.9) | 33 (52.4) | 24 (61.5) | 0.365 |
| Mode for ICU admission | 0.054 | |||
| Emergency room | 25 (24.5) | 17 (27.0) | 8 (20.5) | |
| Operating room | 46 (45.1) | 32 (50.8) | 14 (35.9) | |
| Ward | 29 (28.4) | 14 (22.2) | 15 (38.5) | |
| Transferred from another center | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | |
| Primary source of sepsis | 0.095 | |||
| Pulmonary | 40 (39.4) | 22 (34.9) | 18 (46.2) | |
| Intra-abdominal | 36 (35.3) | 28 (44.4) | 8 (20.5) | |
| Urinary | 11 (10.8) | 5 (7.9) | 6 (15.4) | |
| Other | 15 (12.7) | 8 (12.7) | 7 (17.9) | |
| Time from vasopressor initiation to inclusion, h | 3.0 [2.0–5.0] | 3.0 [2.0–5.0] | 3.0 [1.0–5.0] | 0.500 |
| Clinical characteristics at inclusion | ||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 110 ± 22 | 108 ± 23 | 115 ± 19 | 0.170 |
| MAP, mmHg | 79 ± 15 | 80 ± 14 | 77 ± 15 | 0.269 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 112 ± 28 | 113 ± 30 | 109 ± 26 | 0.508 |
| Platelet, ×109 /L | 174 ± 103 | 190 ± 103 | 147 ± 99 | 0.039 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 15.5 [9.7–24.1] | 12.8 [9.2–20.2] | 19.5 [12.2–41.1] | 0.004 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 225 ± 100 | 233 ± 97 | 212 ± 104 | 0.301 |
| PaCO2,mmHg | 40 ± 14 | 40 ± 13 | 39 ± 16 | 0.599 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2.3 [1.7–3.6] | 1.9 [1.4–3.0] | 2.3 [3.4–6.1] | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 6.8 [1.5–16.9] | 5.4 [1.0–12.1] | 9.6 [1.8–34.0] | 0.030 |
| CVP, mmHg | 9.9 ± 4.6 | 9.2 ± 4.7 | 11.0 ± 4.3 | 0.047 |
| APACHEII score | 16.3 ± 4.8 | 16.1 ± 4.6 | 16.7 ± 5.2 | 0.586 |
| SOFA score | 8.5 ± 3.5 | 6.9 ± 2.4 | 11.0 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| nonrenal SOFA score | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 2.4 | 9.7 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| Baseline sCr, μmol/L | 72.7 ± 16.1 | 70.6 ± 17.4 | 76.1 ± 13.3 | 0.096 |
| Based back-calculation | 23 (22.5) | 12 (19.0) | 11 (28.2) | 0.282 |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 119.5 ± 72.5 | 91.5 ± 34.3 | 160.6 ± 92.5 | <0.001 |
| Organ support and treatment at inclusion | ||||
| Norepinephrine dose, µg/kg/min | 0.25 [0.10–0.50] | 0.20 [0.10–0.35] | 0.48 [0.14–0.90] | 0.006 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 92 (90.2) | 57 (90.5) | 35 (89.7) | 1.000 |
| Time from inclusion to hemodynamic stabilization, h | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 1.0 [0.0–2.0] | 3.0 [1.0–5.0] | <0.001 |
| Persistent AKI risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 30 (29.4) | 14 (22.2) | 16 (41.0) | 0.043 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 18 (17.6) | 11 (17.5) | 7 (17.9) | 0.950 |
| Fluid balance at 24 h,ml/kg | 35.2 ± 33.7 | 22.8 ± 22.6 | 45.6 ± 44.8 | 0.029 |
| Use of diuretics at 24 h | 7 (6.9) | 5 (7.9) | 2 (5.1) | 0.705 |
| Nephrotoxic agents | 20 (19.6) | 9 (14.3) | 11 (28.2) | 0.085 |
| Renal RI | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | 0.001 |
| KRT during hospitalization | 9 (8.8) | 0 (0) | 9 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 4.3 [2.7–7.3] | 4.0 [2.2–7.8] | 4.3 [2.7–7.2] | 0.608 |
| Death in the ICU | 26 (26.0) | 8 (25.5) | 18 (46.2) | <0.001 |
Values represent means ± SDs, n (%), or medians [IQR].
IQR: interquartile range; P-AKI: persistent acute kidney injury; MAP: mean arterial pressure; PaO2/FiO2: arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen; CVP: central venous pressure; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; sCr: serum creatinine; RI: resistive index; KRT: kidney replacement therapy.