Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Baseline Characteristics | All (n = 1 212) | Female (n = 584) | Male (n = 628) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, SD) | 72.9 ± 5.7 | 72.8 ± 5.7 | 73.0 ± 5.6 | .542 |
| Study center (n, %) | <.001 | |||
| Erasmus Medical Center | 793 (65%) | 346 (59%) | 447 (71%) | |
| VU Medical Center | 419 (35%) | 238 (41%) | 181 (29%) | |
| Education level (n, %) | <.001 | |||
| Low | 652 (54%) | 372 (64%) | 280 (45%) | |
| Intermediate | 241 (20%) | 104 (18%) | 137 (22%) | |
| High | 317 (26%) | 107 (18%) | 210 (33%) | |
| Current or former smoker (n, %) | 806 (67%) | 305 (52%) | 501 (80%) | <.001 |
| Alcohol use ≥3 units per day (n, %) | 56 (5%) | 9 (2%) | 47 (8%) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity (n, %) | 340 (30%) | 142 (24%) | 198 (32%) | .017 |
| Number of prescriptions (median, IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | .039 |
| BMI (kg/m²; mean, SD) | 27.0 ± 3.8 | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 3.2 | .081 |
| MMSE-score (median, IQR) | 28 (27–29) | 29 (28–30) | 28 (27–29) | <.001 |
| GDS-15-score (median, IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | .006 |
| Vitamin D level (nmol/L; mean, SD) | 55.0 ± 23.6 | 54.8 ± 24.0 | 55.3 ± 23.3 | .710 |
| Fracture after the age of 50 (n, %) | 281 (23%) | 196 (34%) | 85 (14%) | <.001 |
| Vertebral fractures | ||||
| ≥1 fracture present (n, %) | 289 (24%) | 144 (25%) | 145 (23%) | .499 |
| Use of walking aid (n, %) | 85 (7%) | 61 (10%) | 24 (4%) | <.001 |
| Physical activity (min/day; mean, SD) | 161 ± 105 | 174 ± 98 | 148 ± 110 | <.001 |
| Cobb angle in degrees (mean, SD) | 37 ± 11.9 | 39.5 ± 11.9 | 34.6 ± 11.4 | <.001 |
| Hyperkyphosis (n, %) | 182 (15%) | 126 (22%) | 60 (10%) | <.001 |
Notes: BMI = body mass index; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; IQR = interquartile range; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SD = standard deviation.