Table 2.
Associations Between Frailty and Comorbidity Measures and Mortality Outcomes (n = 13 188)
| Model | In-Hospital Mortality, OR (95% CI) | 30-d Mortality, HR (95% CI) | 6-mo Mortality, HR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| eFI | ||||||
| Continuous, per 0.03 increase | 1.65 (1.54, 1.78)* | 1.63 (1.54, 1.72)* | 1.43 (1.38, 1.48)* | 1.43 (1.38, 1.48)* | 1.34 (1.31, 1.37)* | 1.34 (1.31, 1.37)* |
| Continuous, per 0.1 increase | 5.34 (4.20, 6.82)* | 5.07 (4.23, 6.09)* | 3.28 (2.91, 3.69)* | 3.26 (2.90, 3.67)* | 2.70 (2.52, 2.90)* | 2.66 (2.47, 2.85)* |
| Categorical | ||||||
| Fit (≤0.15) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| Mild frailty (>0.15–0.2) | 4.60 (1.94, 13.5)* | 4.64 (2.5, 8.8)* | 2.60 (1.90, 3.55)* | 2.63 (1.93, 3.60)* | 1.91 (1.63, 2.22)* | 1.94 (1.66, 2.26)* |
| Moderate frailty (>0.2–0.25) | 12.5 (5.51, 35.7)* | 12.1 (5.3, 27.7)* | 4.79 (3.54, 6.49)* | 4.83 (3.57, 6.54)* | 3.42 (2.95, 3.97)* | 3.45 (2.97, 4.01)* |
| Severe frailty (>0.25) | 32.8 (14.7, 93.3)* | 31.5 (14.3, 69.5)* | 9.81 (7.27, 13.2)* | 9.87 (7.31, 13.3)* | 5.81 (4.99, 6.77)* | 5.78 (4.96, 6.74)* |
| CFS (n = 4 945)c | ||||||
| Continuous, per point increase | 1.63 (1.34, 2.00)* | 1.86 (1.29, 2.69)* | 1.57 (1.42, 1.74)* | 1.78 (1.60, 1.98)* | 1.44 (1.36, 1.52)* | 1.60 (1.51, 1.70)* |
| Categorical | ||||||
| 1–3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| 4–5 | 4.33 (1.26, 27.1)* | 4.19 (1.37, 12.9)* | 3.74 (1.88, 7.46)* | 3.99 (2.00, 7.98)* | 1.98 (1.45, 2.72)* | 2.10 (1.53, 2.89)* |
| 6–9 | 7.22 (2.21, 44.4)* | 9.74 (3.44, 27.6)* | 6.11 (3.12, 12.0)* | 8.42 (4.24, 16.7)* | 3.68 (2.72, 4.97)* | 4.86 (3.56, 6.64)* |
| HFRS | ||||||
| Continuous, per point increase | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11)* | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07)* | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07)* | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)* | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05)* | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05)* |
| Categorical | ||||||
| Low risk (<5) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| Intermediate risk (5–15) | 1.63 (1.19, 2.20)* | 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48)* | 1.23 (1.04 1.44)* | 1.22 (1.11, 1.34)* | 1.20 (1.09, 1.32)* |
| High risk (>15) | Not estimable | Not estimable | 1.21 (0.45, 3.25) | 1.04 (0.39, 2.80) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.48) | 0.64 (0.30, 1.35) |
| CCI | ||||||
| Continuous, per point increase | 1.40 (1.31, 1.50)* | 1.41 (1.33, 1.50)* | 1.34 (1.29, 1.39)* | 1.34 (1.30, 1.39)* | 1.33 (1.31, 1.36)* | 1.33 (1.30, 1.36)* |
Note: CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CFS = Clinical Frailty Scale; CI = confidence interval; eFI = electronic frailty index; HFRS = Hospital Frailty Risk Score; HR = hazard ratio; OR = odds ratio. The eFI, CFS, and HFRS were used as both continuous and categorical variables in separate models, while the CCI was used as continuous variable only.
aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Odds ratios for in-hospital mortality were estimated by logistic regression models, and hazard ratios for 30-day and 6-month mortality were estimated by Cox models.
bModel 2 was adjusted for age and sex, and additionally accounted for clustering of patients in the 9 geriatric clinics. Odds ratios for in-hospital mortality were estimated by generalized estimating equation with the logit link, and hazard ratios for 30-day and 6-month mortality were estimated by stratified Cox regression models.
cSample size was smaller in analysis of CFS due to missing data.
*p < .05.