Table 1. Participant demographics and characteristics.
| Characteristics | Total Participants (N = 2,098) | Participants with Fear of Needles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N = 1,325) | No (N = 773) | ||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | p-value* | |
| Sex | 0.004 | ||||||
| Female | 1120 | 53.4% | 739 | 55.8% | 381 | 49.3% | |
| Male | 977 | 46.6% | 585 | 44.2% | 392 | 50.7% | |
| Missing | 1 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Age group (years) | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18 to 24 | 319 | 15.3% | 230 | 17.4% | 89 | 11.5% | |
| 25 to 34 | 430 | 20.7% | 292 | 22.0% | 138 | 17.9% | |
| 35 to 44 | 295 | 14.2% | 190 | 14.3% | 105 | 13.6% | |
| 45 to 54 | 528 | 35.4% | 318 | 24.0% | 210 | 27.2% | |
| 55 to 64 | 300 | 14.4% | 183 | 13.8% | 117 | 15.1% | |
| 65 to 74 | 169 | 8.1% | 85 | 6.4% | 84 | 10.9% | |
| 75 or older | 39 | 1.9% | 16 | 1.2% | 23 | 3.0% | |
| Missing | 18 | 0.9% | 11 | 0.8% | 7 | 0.9% | |
| Geographic region | 0.214 | ||||||
| North America | 1,848 | 88.1% | 1,153 | 87.0% | 695 | 89.9% | |
| Middle East | 60 | 2.9% | 44 | 3.3% | 16 | 2.1% | |
| Asia | 47 | 2.2% | 34 | 2.6% | 13 | 1.7% | |
| Europe | 41 | 2.0% | 31 | 2.3% | 10 | 1.3% | |
| South America | 41 | 2.0% | 27 | 2.0% | 14 | 1.8% | |
| Oceania | 15 | 0.7% | 8 | 0.6% | 7 | 0.9% | |
| Missing | 46 | 2.2% | 28 | 2.1% | 18 | 2.3% | |
| Highest level of education | <0.001 | ||||||
| 4-Year College Degree | 582 | 27.7% | 360 | 27.4% | 222 | 28.7% | |
| Some College, but no Degree | 406 | 19.4% | 247 | 18.8% | 159 | 20.6% | |
| High School Diploma (or GED) | 363 | 17.3% | 248 | 18.9% | 115 | 14.9% | |
| Graduate Level Degree | 350 | 16.7% | 195 | 14.9% | 155 | 20.1% | |
| 2-Year College Degree | 246 | 11.7% | 174 | 13.3% | 72 | 9.3% | |
| Some High School, but no Diploma | 81 | 3.9% | 58 | 4.4% | 23 | 3.0% | |
| Primary School | 38 | 1.8% | 28 | 2.1% | 10 | 1.3% | |
| None of the Above | 9 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.9% | |
| Missing | 23 | 1.1% | 13 | 1.0% | 10 | 1.3% | |
| Household income | <0.001 | ||||||
| $0-$9,999 | 200 | 9.5% | 152 | 11.5% | 48 | 6.2% | |
| $10,000-$24,999 | 243 | 11.6% | 167 | 12.6% | 76 | 9.8% | |
| $25,000-$49,999 | 442 | 21.1% | 267 | 20.2% | 175 | 22.6% | |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 365 | 17.4% | 245 | 18.5% | 120 | 15.5% | |
| $75,000-$99,999 | 275 | 13.1% | 163 | 12.3% | 112 | 14.5% | |
| $100,000-$124,999 | 153 | 7.3% | 93 | 7.0% | 60 | 7.8% | |
| $125,000-$149,999 | 81 | 3.9% | 40 | 3.0% | 41 | 5.3% | |
| $150,000-$174,999 | 43 | 2.0% | 25 | 1.9% | 18 | 2.3% | |
| $175,000-$199,999 | 14 | 0.7% | 8 | 0.6% | 6 | 0.8% | |
| $200,000+ | 91 | 4.3% | 54 | 4.1% | 37 | 4.8% | |
| Prefer not to answer | 190 | 9.1% | 110 | 8.3% | 80 | 10.3% | |
| Missing | 1 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Current or previous work as healthcare professional | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 459 | 21.9% | 334 | 25.2% | 125 | 16.2% | |
| No | 1,545 | 73.6% | 940 | 70.9% | 605 | 78.3% | |
| Prefer not to answer | 94 | 4.5% | 51 | 3.8% | 43 | 5.6% | |
| Needle Phobia Family History | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 550 | 26.2% | 428 | 32.3% | 122 | 15.8% | |
| No | 1,548 | 73.8% | 897 | 67.7% | 651 | 84.2% | |
| Any non-needle-related medical fears | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 616 | 29.4% | 488 | 36.8% | 128 | 16.6% | |
| No | 1341 | 63.9% | 757 | 57.1% | 584 | 75.5% | |
| Prefer not to answer | 141 | 6.7% | 80 | 6.0% | 61 | 7.9% | |
| Condition that requires frequent injection or blood draw | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 555 | 26.5% | 414 | 31.2% | 141 | 18.2% | |
| No | 1445 | 68.9% | 850 | 64.2% | 595 | 77.0% | |
| Prefer not to answer | 98 | 4.7% | 61 | 4.6% | 37 | 4.8% | |
*Chi-squared test for categorical variables was used