Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population stratified by sex.
| Characteristics | Men (n = 297) | Women (n = 184) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV- (n = 88) | HIV+ (n = 209) | P-value | HIV- (n = 58) | HIV+ (n = 126) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 57.5 (54.0–62.0) | 55.0 (52.0–60.0) | 0.001 | 58.0 (54.0–62.0) | 54.0 (52.0–59.0) | 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.6 (60.1–73.8) | 66.0 (57.5–72.3) | 0.12 | 60.6 (53.2–64.8) | 55.1 (51.1–62.0) | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (22.4–27.3) | 23.2 (21.0–25.3) | <0.001 | 24.7 (22.2–28.2) | 23.1 (20.8–25.4) | 0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 22.6 (18.8–25.5) | 19.2 (15.2–23.2) | 0.001 | 34.3 (31.9–36.8) | 31.2 (26.3–35.3) | 0.001 |
| Current residential location (% Bangkok) | 11.7 | 48.9 | <0.001 | 33.3 | 49.5 | 0.12 |
| History of all fractures, n (%) | 15 (17.0) | 44 (21.0) | 0.47 | 7 (12.1) | 18 (14.3) | 0.75 |
| History of fragility fracture, n (%) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (1.9) | 0.42 | 3 (5.2) | 6 (4.8) | 0.86 |
| FH of osteoporosis/fracture, n (%) | 20 (22.7) | 40 (19.1) | 0.48 | 5 (8.6) | 21 (16.7) | 0.15 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 15 (17.1) | 46 (22.0) | 0.33 | 0 (0) | 2 (1.6) | 1.00 |
| Alcohol use (>1 drink /day), n (%) | 19 (21.6) | 25 (12.0) | 0.033 | 2 (3.5) | 5 (4.0) | 1.00 |
| Reproductive history (women) | 0.28 | |||||
| Regular menstruation, n (%) | 7 (12.1) | 26 (20.6) | ||||
| Bilateral ovaries resection, n (%) | 5 (8.6) | 14 (11.1) | ||||
| • Year since bilateral ovaries resection | 9 (5–29) | 12 (7–20) | ||||
| • Menstruation exhausted, n (%) | 46 (79.3) | 89 (68.3) | ||||
| • Years since menopause | 10 (5–14) | 6 (2–12) | ||||
| Chronic medical conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| • Hypertension | 34 (38.6) | 115 (55.0) | 0.01 | 13 (22.4) | 36 (28.6) | 0.38 |
| • Dyslipidemia | 22 (25.0) | 129 (61.7) | <0.001 | 10 (17.2) | 79 (62.7) | <0.001 |
| • Type 2 diabetes | 12 (13.6) | 47 (22.5) | 0.08 | 10 (17.2) | 13 (10.3) | 0.19 |
| • Cardiovascular diseases | 3 (3.4) | 6 (2.9) | 0.73 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1.00 |
| • Others | 2 (2.3) | 5 (2.4) | 1.00 | 3 (5.2) | 2 (1.6) | 0.18 |
| Hepatitis C seropositive, n (%) | 2 (2.3) | 24 (11.5) | 0.012 | 1 (1.8) | 7 (5.6) | 0.44 |
| Hepatitis B seropositive, n (%) | 6 (6.9) | 32 (15.3) | 0.049 | 2 (3.5) | 9 (7.1) | 0.51 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| • Calcium supplements | 4 (4.6) | 12 (5.7) | 0.79 | 14 (24.1) | 11 (8.7) | 0.005 |
| • Multivitamins | 9 (10.2) | 14 (6.7) | 0.30 | 10 (17.2) | 13 (10.3) | 0.19 |
| • Insulin | 0 (0) | 8 (3.8) | 0.11 | 0 (0) | 2 (1.6) | 1.00 |
| • Oral hypoglycemic agents | 8 (9.1) | 40 (19.1) | 0.032 | 9 (15.5) | 13 (10.3) | 0.31 |
| • Statins | 21 (23.9) | 110 (52.6) | <0.001 | 9 (15.5) | 77 (61.1) | <0.001 |
| • Steroids (ever) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| • Proton pump inhibitors | 0 (0) | 4 (1.9) | 0.32 | 2 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 0.09 |
| HIV and ART characteristics | ||||||
| Presumptive transmission route, n (%) | ||||||
| • Men who have sex with men | 43 (20.6) | N/A | ||||
| • Heterosexuals | 140 (67.0) | 110 (87.3) | ||||
| • Injecting drugs use | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | ||||
| • Unknown | 22 (10.5) | 14 (11.1) | ||||
| Years since HIV diagnosis | 19 (15–21) | 18 (15–21) | ||||
| History of AIDS-defined illness (%) | 147 (70.3) | 59 (46.8) | ||||
| Nadir CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 183 (67–256) | 174 (120–252) | ||||
| Current CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 599 (444–791) | 685 (527–814) | ||||
| HIV-1 RNA before ARV initiation (log10 copies/mL) | 4.72 (4.22–5.20) | 4.61 (4.09–5.12) | ||||
| Duration of ART (year) | 16.2 (13.3–19.1) | 16.1 (12.6–18.9) | ||||
| Current ART, n (%)a | ||||||
| • NNRTI-based | 110 (52.6) | 78 (61.9) | ||||
| • PI-based | 72 (34.5) | 36 (28.6) | ||||
| • PI and NNRTI | 15 (7.2) | 8 (6.4) | ||||
| • PI- Integrase inhibitor | 12 (5.7) | 4 (3.2) | ||||
| • EFV | 58 (27.8) | 31 (24.6) | ||||
| • Non TDF-based | 59 (27.7) | 32 (24.4) | ||||
| • TDF-based | 152 (72.7) | 94 (74.6) | ||||
| TDF full dose (300 mg/day) | 104 (68.4) | 58 (61.7) | ||||
| TDF reduced dose (150 mg/day) | 48 (31.6) | 36 (38.2) | ||||
| • TDF exposure (year) | 7.4 (4.5–8.9) | 8.2 (6.1–10) | ||||
Data are reported as median (IQR), mean (SD), or number (percentage). The difference between PWH and people without HIV were compared using Student t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact test, where appropriate. HIV-, people living without HIV; HIV+, PWH; BMI, body mass index; FH, family history; ART, antiretroviral therapy; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PI, protease Inhibitor; EFV, efavirenz; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; N/A, not assessed. aMen, n = 173; Women, n = 112.