Table 4.
Brain regions involved in fat chemosensation
| Region | Study (Reference), Year | Finding |
|---|---|---|
| Arcuate nucleus | Peterschmitt et al. (116), 2018 | When adding LA linoleic acid (LA) on circumvallate papillae on the mouse brain, mRNA expression of Zif-268, brain-derived neuroptrophic factor (BDNF), and Glut-1 occurs on the arcuate nucleus. |
| Amygdala | De la Cruz et al. (94), 2015 | Corn oil induced c-Fos activation on different subareas (basolateral, central-cortico-medial) of the amygdala. |
| Eldeghaidy et al. (57), 2016 | A high-fat meal caused a reduction on the activation of the amygdala in response to the fat stimulus compared to the no-fat control stimulus (fat-related satiety). | |
| Cerebellum | Sun et al. (79), 2016 | Change in odor intensity perception and ghrelin reactivity associated with a negative association in the cerebellum with less cerebellar response. |
| Cortical (corticolimbic area) | Espitia-Bautista et al. and Escobar (97), 2019 | A rat brain on a diet rich on fat promoted high levels of free fatty acids, leading c-Fos to be found higher in ΔFosB in all the corticolimbic areas on comparison with rat brains on a standard diet. |
| Dorsal striatum | De la Cruz et al. (94), 2015 | c-Fos activation was increased on the exposure of corn oil on the dorsal striatum. |
| Hippocampus | Peterschmitt et al. (116), 2018 | On the hippocampus of the mouse brain, mRNA expression increases of Zif-268, BDNF, and Glut-1 when LA is applied on circumvallate papillae. |
| Hypothalamus | Gaudet et al. (99), 2019 | A high-fat diet increased the expression of CD36, serotonin, and variations of tryptophan hydroxylase isoenzymes (TPH1 and TPH2). It also downregulated the expression of the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptideY (NPY), which is involved on feeding behavior in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). |
| Eldeghaidy et al. (57), 2016 | After a high-fat diet, cerebral blood flow (CBF) on baseline resulted on a reduction on the hypothalamus taste. | |
| Insular cortex | Espitia-Bautista and Escobar (97), 2019 | A diet rich in fat leads an increase in the number of c-Fos on the insular cortex. |
| mPFC | De la Cruz et al. (94), 2015 | An increased c-Fos expression in the areas of infralimbic and prelimbic mPFC by corn oil intake. |
| Nucleus accumbens (NAc) | De la Cruz et al. (94), 2015 | Corn oil intake increased c-Fos on NAc core but not on the NAc shell. |
| Espitia-Bautista and Escobar (97), 2019 | A rat brain with a diet rich on fat promoted high levels of free fatty acids, leading c-Fos activation to be found higher in the core and shell NAc regions, than the brains on a standard-rich diet. | |
| Peterschmitt et al. (116), 2018 | There is no significant difference in c-Fos expression after the application of LA seen on a mouse brain. | |
| Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) | Peterschmitt et al. (116), 2018 | On the mouse brain, c-Fos, Zif-268, and Glut-1 mRNA increases its expression on the NTS with the addition of LA on CV. |
| Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) | Weiss et al. (129), 2019 | A high-energy diet produces blunted, but more prevalent, responses in the NTS, and weaker association of taste responses with ingestive behavior. |
| Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) | Grabenhorst et al. (59), | Human somatosensory cortex (SSC) activity was strongly correlated with the OFC during consumption of high-fat food. |
| Parabrachial nucleus (PBN) | Peterschmitt et al. (116), 2018 | Increase in c-Fos expression in the mouse brain after LA application. |
| Ventral tegmental Area (VTA) | De la Cruz et al. (94), 2015 | c-Fos activation was observed in the VTA following consumption of corn oil in rats. |
mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex.