Table 1.

Overview of papers using deep learning techniques for early stroke diagnosis.

References	Study objective	Date published	DL-based approaches	Optimal results	Clinical implications	Limitation
Shinohara et al. [69]	Recognize acute cerebral ischemia (ACI)	2017	ANN	Precision-0.92; sensitivity-0.80; specificity-0.86	Recognition of ACI and differentiation of ACI from stroke mimics at the initial examination	Not separate patients with posterior circulation from anterior circulation stroke; not calculate precision based on stroke type or possible stroke pathogenesis; lack generalizability
Litjens et al. [67]	Identify MCA	2017	3DCNN	AUC-0.996; precision-recall AUC-0.563	Not yet at a level for routine clinical use	Small sample data sizes and lack of external validation
Lisowska et al. [68]	Identify HMCAS	2020	DCNN	Sensitivity-0.82, specifcity-0.81, and AUC-0.869	For reference and improve the accuracy of detecting HMCAS	No thin-slice CT
Cui et al. [70]	AIS diagnosis via DWI and ADC images	2021	DeepSym-3D-CNN	AUC-0.850	Early acute stroke diagnosis	Small sample data sizes