Table 4.

Overview of documents using deep learning techniques for evaluation of ischemic core and penumbra/prognosis.

References	Study objective	Date published	DL-based approaches	Optimal results	Imaging tool	Performance
Chen et al. [98]	Segment of stroke core lesions	2017	CNNs composed of MUSCLE Net and EDD Net	Dice score is 0.67	MR (DWI)	Comparable to manual segmentation
Ho et al. [99]	Locating stroke regions	2017	Autoencoder	AUC of 0.68	MR (PWI)	10% better than current traditional clinical method (0.58)
Sheth et al. [100]	Evaluating the volume of large vessel occlusion and determining infarct core	2017	CNN (DeepSymNet)	Determining infarct core as defined by CTP-RAPID from the CTA with AUC of 0.88 and 0.90 (ischemic core ≤ 30 mL and ≤ 50 mL)	CT (CTP)	Better than current traditional clinical method
Öman et al. [101]	Detecting AIS	2019	3D CNN	AUC of 0.93 and Dice of 0.61	CT and CTA-SI	Better than current traditional clinical method
Nielsen et al. [102]	Predicting the final infarct volume	2018	SegNet	AUC of 0.88	9 different biomarkers	—
Nishi et al. [103]	Segment of lesion and predicting clinical outcomes for LVO	2020	3D U-Net	AUC value achieved 0.81	DWI	—
Yu et al. [104]	Predicting 3- to 7-day final infarct lesions	2020	2.5D U-Net	Achieved a median AUC of 0.92	MRIs	—