Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study populationa.
| Characteristic | Cases (n = 411) | Controls (n = 410) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.0 ± 6.0 | 51.0 ± 6.0 | 0.98 |
| Males | 188 (45.7) | 188 (45.9) | 1.00 |
| Bariatric surgery | 174 (42.3) | 173 (42.2) | 0.99 |
| Duration of incident HF (years) | 15.6 ± 5.9 | 15.6 ± 5.9 | 0.98 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 41.0 ± 5.0 | 40.1 ± 4.6 | 0.011 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145.9 ± 19.0 | 142.6 ± 18.3 | 0.011 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 89.5 ± 11.3 | 89.1 ± 10.9 | 0.54 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 71.8 ± 13.8 | 69.3 ± 12.6 | 0.007 |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 70.6 ± 11.0 | 70.9 ± 9.6 | 0.69 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.95 ± 1.12 | 5.83 ± 1.11 | 0.11 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.31 ± 0.33 | 1.38 ± 0.36 | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.41 ± 1.71 | 2.07 ± 1.53 | 0.002 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) | 5.45 ± 2.19 | 4.99 ± 1.73 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 92 (22.4) | 64 (15.6) | 0.016 |
| Smoking status | 0.011 | ||
| Former smoker | 179 (43.6) | 177 (43.2) | |
| Current smoker | 104 (25.3) | 73 (17.8) | |
| Never smoker | 128 (31.1) | 160 (39.0) |
aValues are presented in the form mean ± standard deviation or frequency (percentage).
HDL high-density cholesterol, HF heart failure.