Table 1.
Studies are presented in increasing order of shear stress and according to cell type
| Authors | Shear Flow | Pattern | Cell Type | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yi et al.76 | 3 dyn per cm2, 6 h (low) | Laminar/steady | hMSCs | Increased expression of Annexin A2 (P < 0.001), GAPDH (P < 0.001) |
| Arnsdorf et al.60 | 10 dyn per cm2, 1 Hz, 1 h | Oscillatory | Murine MSCs | Upregulation of RUNX2, SOX9, PPARγ [all (P < 0.01)]. Osteogenic differentiation via RhoA and ROCKII |
| Correia et al.74 | 400 μm·s−1 (1.64 mL·min−1; 4-5 mPa shear stress) to 1 200 μm·s−1 (4.92 mL·min−1; 12.5-15 mPa shear stress), 0.5 Hz for 2 h, followed by 10 h of steady flow over 5 weeks | Pulsating | MSCs | Optimal for osteogenesis was 2 weeks of steady flow with 3 weeks of pulsatile flow. Increased OPN, BSP, PGE2 (all P < 0.05). |
| Xing et al.232 | 5 dyn per cm2 | Parallel plate | Rat Osteoblasts | Increased Col-I and proliferation. Decreased ALP, proliferation |
| Kämmerer et al.77 | 10 dyn per cm2, 24 h (shear at the center=1 dyn per cm2 with 10 dyn per cm2 at the periphery) | Rotating at 200 r·min−1 | Osteoblasts | Actin filaments re-aligned themselves towards orientation of fluid flow |
| Malone et al.62 | 12 dyn per cm2, 1 Hz, 1 h | Oscillatory | Murine Osteoblasts | PGE2 increased 3-fold (P < 0.05). No increase in F-actin development |
| Tan et al.73 | 0.4-1.0 dyn per cm2, 5 Hz, 1 h Mean stress of 0.7 Pa | Pulsating 0.3 Pa | Chicken Osteocytes | NO production decreased (P < 0.05). Osteoclast formation inhibited via soluble factors in the conditioned medium after 60 mins of exposure |
| Li et al.233 | 5-50 dyn per cm2, 0.5-2 Hz, 1, 2 and 4 h. Peak stress of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 Pa. oscillating frequency of 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz | Oscillatory | MLO-Y4 Osteocytes | Higher shear stress (5 Pa) and longer flows (4 h) increased COX2 (P < 0.05). Increased stress, frequency and duration increased RANKL/OPG ratio. |
GADPH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, rpm revolutions per minute, NO nitric oxide, RUNX2 runt-related transcription factor 2, ALP alkaline phosphatase, PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PGE2 prostaglandin e2, COX2 cyclooxygenase 2, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, OPG osteoprotegerin, OPN osteopontin, BSP bone sialoprotein