. 2022 Oct 21;53(4):2173–2184. doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00840-z

Table 2.

Volatile organic compounds detected in mead samples by HS-SPME/GC–MS (logarithmic peak areas, mean ± sd). SC Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PJ Pichia jadinii, TD Torulaspora delbrueckii, KL Kluyveromyces lactis

Compound	Must	SC	PJ	TD	KL	SC + PJ	SC + TD	SC + KL	ANOVA
*Alcohols*
1-Butanol, 3-methyl		6.14 ± 0.25^ab	5.96 ± 0.15^ab	5.59 ± 0.07^b	5.82 ± 0.05^ab	6.09 ± 0.18^ab	5.81 ± 0.18^ab	6.21 ± 0.00^a	*
2,3-Butanediol		4.75 ± 0.31^a	4.38 ± 0.00^a	nd	4.22 ± 0.18^a	5.05 ± 0.20^a	4.89 ± 0.10^a	4.80 ± 0.06^a	***
Benzyl alcohol	X	6.13 ± 0.20	4.97 ± 0.10	5.49 ± 0.05	5.80 ± 0.05	5.87 ± 0.59	5.41 ± 0.17	5.71 ± 0.59	NS
Phenethyl alcohol	X	7.29 ± 0.03	6.99 ± 0.09	7.08 ± 0.22	7.08 ± 0.16	7.48 ± 0.11	7.45 ± 0.14	7.46 ± 0.08	*
p-anisylalcohol	X	5.17 ± 0.04	4.60 ± 0.26	5.27 ± 0.37	5.38 ± 0.56	5.61 ± 0.21	5.47 ± 0.39	5.24 ± 0.03	NS
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanol		5.09 ± 0.04	4.58 ± 0.00	4.84 ± 0.45	4.68 ± 0.51	5.48 ± 0.12	5.35 ± 0.39	5.15 ± 0.25	NS
*Acids*
Butanoic acid, 3-methyl	X	5.22 ± 0.00	4.81 ± 0.10	4.83 ± 0.07	4.92 ± 0.03	5.18 ± 0.05	4.92 ± 0.16	5.35 ± 0.46	NS
Benzeneacetic acid, 4-methoxy		5.78 ± 0.13^a	5.36 ± 0.00^ab	4.88 ± 0.34^b	5.59 ± 2.30^ab	5.94 ± 0.05^a	5.45 ± 0.26^ab	5.90 ± 0.15^a	**
Octanoic acid	X	6.27 ± 0.09^a	6.04 ± 0.13^a	5.97 ± 0.17^ab	5.34 ± 0.34^b	6.57 ± 0.11^a	6.20 ± 0.06^a	6.36 ± 0.14^a	**
Nonanoic acid	X	5.22 ± 0.19	4.76 ± 0.27	4.88 ± 0.23	4.82 ± 0.37	5.29 ± 0.16	4.95 ± 0.18	5.27 ± 0.05	NS
N-decanoic acid	X	6.26 ± 0.15^ab	6.10 ± 0.17^ab	5.74 ± 0.30^bc	5.10 ± 0.19^c	6.67 ± 0.28^a	6.20 ± 0.01^ab	6.31 ± 0.06^ab	**
Benzoic acid	X	5.43 ± 0.00	4.45 ± 0.03	5.25 ± 0.97	4.63 ± 0.13	5.38 ± 0.04	5.12 ± 0.22	4.84 ± 0.25	NS
Dodecanoic acid	X	5.48 ± 0.07^ab	5.13 ± 0.16^ab	5.10 ± 0.31^ab	4.92 ± 0.20^b	5.77 ± 0.25^a	5.37 ± 0.03^ab	5.61 ± 0.08^ab	*
Tetradecanoic acid	X	4.70 ± 0.26	4.33 ± 0.09	4.18 ± 0.44	4.23 ± 0.32	4.79 ± 0.37	4.63 ± 0.08	4.72 ± 0.07	NS
*Esters*
Octanoic acid, ethyl ester		5.61 ± 0.08^ab	5.70 ± 0.08^ab	5.27 ± 0.33^ab	5.19 ± 0.20^b	5.95 ± 0.03^a	5.68 ± 0.00^ab	5.81 ± 0.25^ab	*
Decanoic acid, ethyl ester		6.12 ± 0.00^a	6.15 ± 0.19^a	5.65 ± 0.21^ab	4.79 ± 0.15^b	6.46 ± 0.28^a	5.66 ± 0.65^ab	6.26 ± 0.10^a	*
Ethyl 9-decenoate		5.41 ± 0.33	5.01 ± 0.52	4.89 ± 0.19	4.58 ± 0.29	5.32 ± 0.08	5.18 ± 0.14	5.14 ± 0.07	NS
Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester		5.28 ± 0.09^ab	4.90 ± 0.13^c	4.91 ± 0.00^c	4.95 ± 0.00^bc	5.21 ± 0.05^abc	5.03 ± 0.09^abc	5.39 ± 0.10^ab	**
Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester		6.09 ± 0.01^bc	5.74 ± 0.00^c	6.66 ± 0.07^a	6.61 ± 0.13^a	6.16 ± 0.14^bc	6.37 ± 0.19^abc	6.59 ± 0.14^a	**
Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester		5.92 ± 0.09^ab	5.72 ± 0.18^ab	5.49 ± 0.02^ab	5.15 ± 0.01^b	6.09 ± 0.39^a	5.67 ± 0.37^ab	6.04 ± 0.04^a	*
Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester		5.21 ± 0.19^ab	4.72 ± 0.17^b	5.01 ± 0.06^ab	5.28 ± 0.05^ab	5.40 ± 0.10^ab	5.39 ± 0.30^ab	5.50 ± 0.15^a	*
Pentadecanoic acid, ethyl ester		4.93 ± 0.35	4.32 ± 0.33	4.25 ± 0.36	4.56 ± 0.36	4.99 ± 0.24	4.95 ± 0.03	4.92 ± 0.26	NS
Ethyl anisate		5.29 ± 0.11^a	4.74 ± 0.06^b	4.84 ± 0.08^b	5.14 ± 0.13^ab	5.44 ± 0.02^a	5.23 ± 0.15^a	5.48 ± 0.12^a	**
Ethyl 4-methoxyphenylacetate	X	5.88 ± 0.01^ab	5.43 ± 0.13^b	5.45 ± 0.18^b	5.70 ± 0.22^ab	6.21 ± 0.08^a	5.92 ± 0.12^ab	6.02 ± 0.19^ab	**
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	X	5.27 ± 0.23^abc	4.82 ± 0.07^c	4.77 ± 0.13^c	5.03 ± 0.12^bc	5.61 ± 0.10^ab	5.43 ± 0.15^ab	5.63 ± 0.09^ab	**
Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate		5.08 ± 0.19^a	nd	4.58 ± 0.19^a	4.74 ± 0.09^a	nd	5.07 ± 0.37^a	5.25 ± 0.18^a	***
Decanedioic acid, diethyl ester		4.89 ± 0.01^abc	4.39 ± 0.13^cd	4.25 ± 0.22^d	4.47 ± 0.14^cd	5.21 ± 0.17^ab	4.98 ± 0.15^ab	5.17 ± 0.01^ab	**
2-decenedioic acid, diethyl ester		4.75 ± 0.03^a	nd	nd	4.39 ± 0.41^a	5.02 ± 0.11^a	4.78 ± 0.32^a	4.90 ± 0.09^a	***
*Lactones*
γ-Nonalactone		4.92 ± 0.09^ab	4.43 ± 0.14^c	4.60 ± 0.17^abc	4.72 ± 0.11^abc	5.08 ± 0.11^ab	4.81 ± 0.03^abc	4.99 ± 0.08^ab	**
γ-Decalactone		4.76 ± 0.09^ab	4.31 ± 0.10^c	4.44 ± 0.14^bc	4.60 ± 0.05^abc	4.96 ± 0.11^ab	4.61 ± 0.05^abc	4.88 ± 0.17^ab	**
*Terpenoids*
Trans-linalool oxide	X	5.32 ± 0.07^a	5.09 ± 0.03^ab	4.91 ± 0.01^b	5.09 ± 0.10^ab	5.36 ± 0.05^a	5.14 ± 0.16^ab	5.40 ± 0.00^a	**
Cis-linalool oxide	X	4.66 ± 0.18^a	4.35 ± 0.06^a	nd	4.48 ± 0.04^a	4.68 ± 0.10^a	nd	4.72 ± 0.07^a	***
ß-linalool	X	5.01 ± 0.01	4.90 ± 0.10	4.95 ± 0.12	4.99 ± 0.09	5.00 ± 0.10	4.98 ± 0.13	5.11 ± 0.01	NS
Hotrienol	X	5.25 ± 0.10	5.20 ± 0.05	5.04 ± 0.08	5.11 ± 0.16	5.20 ± 0.52	5.30 ± 0.19	5.43 ± 0.09	NS
Epoxylinalol	X	4.88 ± 0.04^ab	4.45 ± 0.06^b	4.67 ± 0.20^ab	4.69 ± 0.17^ab	5.00 ± 0.07^a	4.78 ± 0.04^ab	4.94 ± 0.10^a	*
*Others*
ß-Damascenone		4.81 ± 0.11^a	4.61 ± 0.04^a	4.67 ± 0.07^a	4.61 ± 0.26^a	nd	nd	5.00 ± 0.13^a	***
Acetoin		6.03 ± 0.00^a	nd	nd	nd	5.33 ± 0.28^a	5.36 ± 0.38^a	5.87 ± 0.42^a	***
1-Propanol, 3-ethoxy		nd	nd	4.40 ± 0.39^a	4.56 ± 0.09^a	nd	4.67 ± 0.08^a	4.70 ± 0.04^a	***
Benzaldehyde	X	5.66 ± 0.06	5.49 ± 0.44	5.44 ± 0.15	5.28 ± 0.67	5.29 ± 0.25	5.98 ± 0.12	5.63 ± 0.20	NS
p-Anisaldehyde	X	5.76 ± 0.09	5.04 ± 0.19	5.20 ± 0.28	5.51 ± 0.20	5.77 ± 0.02	5.72 ± 0.23	5.80 ± 0.21	*

X = compound is present in must; nd not detected; ANOVA analysis of variance: NS not significant. * = P < 0.05. ** = P < 0.01. *** = P < 0.001; different letters in same row mean samples are significantly different according to Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (P < 0.05)