TABLE 1.

Results of the (partial) redundancy analyses (RDAs) to partition among‐population genetic variation of Primula elatior into climate, isolation by resistance (IBR), and their combined effects.

Model	df	Residual df	Variance	Residual variance	F	p	R 2 adj. (%)
Climate	2	26	0.02	0.07	3.27	0.001	14
IBR	3	25	0.01	0.07	1.61	0.002	6
Climate + IBR	5	23	0.03	0.06	2.30	0.001	19
Climate | IBR	2	23	0.01	0.06	2.95	0.001	13
IBR | Climate	3	23	0.01	0.06	1.52	0.001	5
Climate ∩ IBR							1
Total explained							19
Total unexplained							81

Note: This is the result table of the first subset as only six out of the 63 outliers were detected in subset 2–5. The partial climate effect (excluding IBR) is depicted in bold.