Table 2.
Association of dietary patterns and scores with incident type 2 diabetes
| N | Incidence of diabetes | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean diet score | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,083 | 10.3 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,440 | 10.0 | 0.98 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) |
| Q3 | 1,867 | 11.1 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) |
| Q2 | 1,818 | 12.0 | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.10) |
| Q1 | 2,542 | 13.6 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.62) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) |
| Ptrend | 0.005 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.35 | ||
| DASH diet score | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,604 | 8.7 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,224 | 9.2 | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) | 1.01 (0.80, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.18) |
| Q3 | 2,150 | 11.5 | 1.32 (1.09, 1.61) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) |
| Q2 | 2,001 | 12.9 | 1.48 (1.22, 1.80) | 1.25 (1.02, 1.52) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.31) |
| Q1 | 1,771 | 15.1 | 1.73 (1.42, 2.10) | 1.36 (1.11, 1.65) | 1.26 (1.03, 1.54) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) |
| Ptrend | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||
| MIND diet score | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,424 | 8.0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,333 | 10.2 | 1.27 (1.01, 1.62) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.55) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) |
| Q3 | 1,737 | 10.8 | 1.35 (1.08, 1.69) | 1.23 (0.99, 1.54) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.34) |
| Q2 | 2,474 | 13.1 | 1.64 (1.34, 2.01) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.73) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.47) |
| Q1 | 1,782 | 14.8 | 1.85 (1.50, 2.28) | 1.43 (1.15, 1.77) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) |
| Ptrend | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.26 | ||
| DII | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,750 | 10.0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,750 | 10.7 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) |
| Q3 | 1,750 | 12.4 | 1.24 (1.03, 1.50) | 1.23 (1.01, 1.50) | 1.19 (0.98, 1.45) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) |
| Q2 | 1,750 | 11.5 | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) |
| Q1 | 1,750 | 14.1 | 1.41 (1.17, 1.69) | 1.32 (1.05, 1.64) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.51) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) |
| Ptrend | 0.003 | 0.048 | 0.19 | 0.75 | ||
| DIS | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,750 | 8.1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,750 | 9.1 | 1.13 (0.91, 1.40) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.33) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.28) |
| Q3 | 1,750 | 11.7 | 1.44 (1.17, 1.76) | 1.32 (1.07, 1.61) | 1.29 (1.05, 1.58) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) |
| Q2 | 1,750 | 13.7 | 1.68 (1.38, 2.05) | 1.44 (1.18, 1.76) | 1.38 (1.13, 1.69) | 1.29 (1.05, 1.57) |
| Q1 | 1,750 | 16.1 | 1.98 (1.64, 2.39) | 1.51 (1.24, 1.85) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.73) | 1.28 (1.04, 1.56) |
| Ptrend | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.001 | 0.02 | ||
| Plant-based pattern | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,750 | 10.7 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,750 | 12.6 | 1.18 (0.98, 1.42) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.44) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.41) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) |
| Q3 | 1,750 | 11.1 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.22) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) |
| Q2 | 1,750 | 11.3 | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) |
| Q1 | 1,750 | 12.9 | 1.20 (1.003, 1.44) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) |
| Ptrend | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.06 | ||
| Southern pattern | ||||||
| Q5 | 1,750 | 6.9 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q4 | 1,750 | 9.5 | 1.37 (1.10, 1.72) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.67) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.64) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.59) |
| Q3 | 1,750 | 11.4 | 1.64 (1.33, 2.04) | 1.53 (1.23, 1.90) | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70) |
| Q2 | 1,750 | 13.2 | 1.91 (1.55, 2.35) | 1.66 (1.35, 2.05) | 1.60 (1.30, 1.98) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.75) |
| Q1 | 1,750 | 17.7 | 2.55 (2.09, 3.12) | 2.05 (1.66, 2.54) | 1.95 (1.57, 2.41) | 1.66 (1.35, 2.06) |
| Ptrend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.003 |
Data are RR (95% CI) or % unless otherwise indicated. Crude model: unadjusted estimates. Model 1: adjustment for TEI and demographics of age, race, sex, region, income, and education. Model 2: further adjustment for lifestyle factors of smoking, physical activity, and alcohol. Ref, reference.
CI estimated through modified Poisson model. Boldface type indicates CI does not include 1.00 or statistical significance at P < 0.05 level.