Table 2.
Recent research of nano-drug delivery systems for IVDD treatment.
| Study | Year | Formulation | Therapeutic agents | Encapsulation efficiency | Particle size (nm) | Release rate | In vivo model tested | Timing of first administration after induction | Administration methods | Compared to free agents | Experiment duration | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banala et al. [99] | 2019 | Liposome | siRNA | NA | NA | NA | Rabbits | 7 d | In situ injection (IS) | No | 8 w | Reduced the extent of apoptosis in the discs |
| Wang et al. [100] | 2020 | Liposome | oxymatrine | 73.4 ± 4.1% | 178.1 ± 2.9 | 67.2 ± 3.0% in 48 h | Mice | 2 h | IS | Yes | 4 w | Attenuated NP cell apoptosis, reduced the expression of MMP 3/9 and IL-6, and decreased degradation of collagen-II |
| Liang et al. [111] | 2013 | PNPs | ADSCs, dexamethasone and TGF-β3 | NA | 140 | NA | Rats | 2 w | IS | Yes | 24 w | Regenerated the degenerated disc |
| Lim et al. [112] | 2022 | PNPs | ABT263 | 57.％±13.4％ | 494.3 ± 64.4 | 80.8% in 48 h | Rats | 2 w | IS | Yes | 6 w | Eliminated senescent cells, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix proteases |
| Nguyen et al. [120] | 2019 | Carbon-based nanoparticles | Simvastatin | NA | 300–500 | NA | Rabbit (in ex vivo) | NA | IS | Yes | 2 w | NA |
| Zhou et al. [121] | 2022 | Carbon-based nanoparticles | NA | NA | ≈80 | NA | Rats | 2 w | IS | NA | 4 w | Alleviated oxidative stress and increased the activities of SOD1 |
| Zhu et al. [129] | 2022 | Magnetic nanoparticles (h-MnO2) | TGF-β3 | NA | ≈50 | ≈80% in 5 d | Rats | at the day of surgery | IS | Yes | 8 w | Prevented the degeneration and promoted self-regeneration |
| Feng et al. [132] | 2018 | Micelles | miRNA-29 | NA | ≈72 | ≈90% in 14 d | Rabbits | 2 w | IS | No | 4 w | Inhibited the fibrosis process, and reverse IVDD |
| Yu et al. [133] | 2021 | Micelles | KGN, APO | KGN: 3.7'%; APO: 38.8% | 49.8 | KGN: 90% in 4 h | Rats | at the day of surgery | IS | Yes | 16 w | Stimulated differentiation of human ADSCs and protected cells by suppressing oxidative stress |
| Chang et al. [135] | 2022 | Micelles | Runx1 | NA | 86.85 ± 17 | NA | Rats | at the day of surgery | IS | No | 4 w | Increased hydration content, disc space height and ECM production. |
| Feng et al. [142] | 2017 | Nanofibers | NR4A1 | NA | 100 | 80% in 2 months | Rats | 2 w | IS | No | 4 w | Repressed fibrosis and supported IVDS regeneration |
| Yu et al. [145] | 2022 | Nanofibers | Fucoidan | NA | 770 ± 0.240 | 40% in 10 h | Rats | at the day of surgery | In situ implantation | No | 4 w | Reduced the expression of COX-2 and deposited more ECM between the scaffold layers |
| Wang et al. [151] | 2021 | Nanohydrogels | MSCs | NA | 286 | NA | Rabbits | 4 w | IS | No | 16 w | Supported the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells and regenerated degenerated NPs |
| Chen et al. [153] | 2020 | Nanohydrogels | agomir-874 | NA | NA | 90% in 10 d | Rats | at the day of surgery | IS | Yes | 8 w | Modulated ECM balance thereby lowing the process of IVDD |
| Chang et al. [154] | 2022 | Nanohydrogels | circSTC2 | 95.60 ± 0.002% | 103.5 ± 1.06 | 18.32 ± 3.03% in 3 d and over 80% in 27 d | Rats | at the day of surgery | IS | No | 8 W | Promoted ECM synthesis and repaired NP tissue |
| Shen et al. [162] | 2021 | Nanohydrogels | Lactate oxidase | 93% | 100 | NA | Rabbits | 3 d | IS | Yes | 8 w | Downregulated the local lactate level in degenerative IVDs |
| Zheng et al. [165] | 2021 | Nanohydrogels | MR409 | NA | 150 | >80% in 3 d | Rats | 8 w | IS | Yes | 12 w | Attenuated IVDD by inhibiting autophagy |
| Liu et al. [167] | 2021 | Nanohydrogels | Aspirin | NA | 141.8 | (85.43 ± 2.30% | Rabbits | at the day of surgery | IS | Yes | 2 w | Inhibited the inflammatory response |
| Bai et al. [169] | 2020 | Nanohydrogels | Rapamycin | NA | NA | 80% in 3 d | Rats | 4 w | IS | Yes | 16 w | Reduced the level of ROS and regulated the polarization of macrophages |