Table 1.
Perinatal characteristics and hematological indices of the study population.
| IDM group (n = 126) | Non-IDM group (n = 74) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age, weeks | 37.0 ± 2.5 | 37.1 ± 2.8 | 0.727 |
| Preterm neonates | 34 (27%) | 24 (32%) | 0.520 |
| Birth weight, g | 2923 ± 715 | 2803 ± 709 | 0.253 |
| Gender, male | 63 (50%) | 28 (37%) | 0.080 |
| Small-for-gestational-age status | 18 (14%) | 14 (19%) | 0.430 |
| Preeclampsia | 10 (8%) | 4 (5%) | 0.572 |
| Delivery mode, cesarean section | 91 (73%) | 49 (65%) | 0.339 |
| Maternal weight (beginning of pregnancy), kg | 71.9 ± 16.9 | 67.7 ± 16.1 | 0.116 |
| Maternal weight (end of pregnancy), kg | 79.6 ± 16.1 | 79.5 ± 15.8 | 0.962 |
| Maternal weight difference, kg | 9 (4-13)§ | 12 (8-15)§ | 0.001† |
| Maternal BMI (beginning of pregnancy), kg/cm2 | 26.4 ± 6.1 | 24.9 ± 6.7 | 0.147 |
| Maternal obesity (beginning of pregnancy) | 21 (16%) | 10 (14%) | 0.539 |
| Maternal BMI (end of pregnancy), kg/cm2 | 29.3 ± 5.7 | 29.3 ± 6.3 | 0.992 |
| Maternal obesity (end of pregnancy) | 42 (33%) | 22 (30%) | 0.412 |
| Maternal BMI difference, kg/cm2 | 3.1 (1.4-4.6)§ | 4.1 (2.9-5.6)§ | 0.001† |
| Maternal anemia (Hb <11 g/dL) | 33 (31%) | 14 (22%) | 0.217 |
| Maternal ferritin, μg/L | 39 (17-75)§ | 35 (18-66)§ | 0.676 |
| Maternal CRP, mg/dL | 0.70 (0.47-0.96)§ | 0.60 (0.45-0.86)§ | 0.333 |
| Maternal hematocrit, % | 34.5 ± 3.6 | 35.4 ± 3.6 | 0.162 |
| Maternal hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.6 ± 1.4 | 12.1 ± 1.3 | 0.030† |
| Maternal MCV, fL | 101.4 ± 7.2 | 100.2 ± 9.6 | 0.392 |
| Maternal hypochromia, % | 4 (2-8)§ | 4 (2-8)§ | 0.831 |
| Maternal MCHr, pg | 29.8 ± 3.0 | 29.9 ± 3.3 | 0.957 |
| Maternal reticulocytes, % | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 0.175 |
| Maternal reticulocytes, absolute, cells/μL | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 0.114 |
| Neonatal anemia (hemoglobin <13 g/dL) | 4 (3%) | 4 (6%) | 0.472 |
| Neonatal ferritin μg/L | 199 (127-309)§ | 171 (114-278)§ | 0.346 |
| Neonatal CRP, mg/dL | 0.18 (0.11-0.29)§ | 0.20 (0.13-0.31)§ | 0.437 |
| Neonatal hematocrit, % | 49.6 ± 6.2 | 50.4 ± 7.4 | 0.473 |
| Neonatal hemoglobin, g/dL | 16.4 ± 1.8 | 16.8 ± 2.2 | 0.137 |
| Neonatal MCV, fL | 121.3 ± 9.4 | 124.6 ± 10.0 | 0.049† |
| Neonatal hypochromia, % | 12 (7-18)§ | 9 (6-16)§ | 0.117 |
| Neonatal MCHr, pg | 32.6 ± 3.6 | 34.2 ± 2.8 | 0.003† |
| Neonatal reticulocytes, % | 4.4 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 0.925 |
| Neonatal reticulocytes, absolute, cells/μL | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 0.872 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR). P-values of student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney test. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%). P-values of chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
†, statistically significant.
§, non-parametric variables.
IDM, infant of diabetic mother; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCHr, mean reticulocyte hemoglobin content.