TABLE 1.
General characteristics and clinical outcomes in the survival and non-survival groups.
| Characteristics | Survival (n = 1,427) |
Non-survival (n = 181) |
P-value |
| Demographic | |||
| Age, years | 54.6 ± 17.2 | 58.1 ± 16.2 | 0.007 |
| Gender, male (%) | 744 (52.1%) | 99 (54.7%) | 0.516 |
| Admission status | |||
| Elective surgery (%) | 983 (68.9%) | 100 (55.2%) | <0.001 |
| Emergency surgery (%) | 247 (17.3%) | 22 (12.2%) | <0.001 |
| Medical emergency (%) | 159 (11.1%) | 58 (32.0%) | <0.001 |
| APACHEII [IQR] | 16 [12, 21] | 27 [21, 35] | <0.001 |
| ABG counts during the first 12 h | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 6.3 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| ABG at admission | |||
| pH | 7.372 ± 0.089 | 7.359 ± 0.117 | 0.152 |
| Lac, mmol/L | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 6.0 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| BE, mmol/L | −3.2 ± 4.6 | −4.9 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Treatment received | |||
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 1,140 (79.9%) | 147 (81.2%) | 0.674 |
| Vasoactive agents (%) | 923 (64.7%) | 155 (85.6%) | <0.001 |
| CRRT (%) | 51 (3.6%) | 31 (17.1%) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate sodium infusion (%) | 399 (28.0%) | 93 (51.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hemodynamic | |||
| Heart rate, bpm | 97.4 ± 17.6 | 105.4 ± 20.2 | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 90.8 ± 10.9 | 87.0 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Fluid balance in the first 12 h, mL [IQR] | 579 [−125, 1374.5] | 841 [−139.5, 2126] | <0.001 |
| Outcome | |||
| Lactate clearance at 6 h,% [IQR] | 16.1% [−16.9%, 43.2%] | 10.8% [−23.7%, 28.9%] | 0.003 |
| Lactate clearance at 12 h,% [IQR] | 40.0% [11.9%, 61.7%] | 24.8% [−24.1%, 47.0%] | <0.001 |
| Peak Value during the first 12 h | |||
| Lactate, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 3.5 | 8.0 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
| BE, mmol/L | −5.2 ± 4.6 | −7.5 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Peak BE12h ≤ 6h (%) | 1,155 (80.9%) | 124 (68.5%) | <0.001 |
| ICU duration, hours | 71 [42, 143] | 140 [55, 273] | <0.001 |
Results are presented as mean (standard deviation), median [IQR], or n (%). Lac, lactate; BE, base excess; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; IQR, interquartile range; Peak BE12h ≤ 6h, the peak value (minimal) BE value during the first 12 h after admission occurred in the first 6 h; ABG, arterial blood gas; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU, intensive care unit.