Table 5.

Effects of exercise interventions on activities of daily living by group and visits.

Outcome	Group	M ± SD (90% CI); N at V0	Δ from V0 to V1 (90% CI); N	Δ from V0 to V2 (90% CI); N	M ± SD (90% CI); N at V3	P within groups (V0–V3)	P between groups at V3
Self-reported ADL
ASKp scorea,b (range, 0–100)	CG	69.4 ± 19.8 (60–79); 14	8.7 (−2 to 20); 12	13.2 (3–23); 12	86.7 ± 12.2 (74–86); 19	0.005	0.822
	IG	62.6 ± 18.8 (52–73); 11	8.0 (−6 to 22); 9	17.8 (10–31); 10	84.7 ± 12.5 (80–90); 20	0.010
ASK total scoreb (range, 0–100)	CG	66.8 ± 17.7 (60–74); 20	9.1 (0–18); 18	14.7 (6–23); 18	84.8 ± 14.4 (79–90); 20	<0.001	0.978
	IG	60.1 ± 19.5 (53–67); 21	20.1 (10–30); 18	23.2 (16–30); 18	84.7 ± 12.5 (80–90); 20	<0.001
Functional ADL Screen
Total scorec (range, 0–28)	CG	27.0 ± 3.7 (25–28); 19	0 (−2 to 2); 17	−0.6 (−3 to 2); 17	26.9 ± 3.8 (25–28); 20	0.916	0.043
	IG	26.1 ± 4.2 (25–28); 21	0.8 (−1 to 3); 18	1.0 (0–2); 17	28.0 ± 0.2 (28); 19	0.034

ASK/ASKp, Activities Scale for Kids©/Activities Scale for Kids© performance version; CI, confidence interval of differences; CG, control group; IG, intervention group; M, mean; N, number; P, p-value; SD, standard deviation; V, visit.

Score changes (mean) from the baseline (V0) to V3 within the groups were assessed using paired t tests (ASKp/ASK total score in the IG; ASK total score in the CG), and Wilcoxon singed-rank tests for all other longitudinal comparisons, respectively. Between-group differences were assessed using two-sample t tests for ASK total score or Mann–Whitney U tests for ASKp score and Functional ADL Screen. Positive Δ-values represent score improvements.

^a Case number differences between ASKp score and ASK total score based on the different calculation methods. The prerequisite to calculate the ASKp score was 23 out of 30 valid responses (30).

^b A total score of 100 indicates no functional limitations.

^c A total score of 28 indicates no functional limitations.