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Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study.
| Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
| Han Chinese nationality | A history or evidence of metabolic bone disease |
| Postmenopausal women | History of organ transplant; |
| Residing in Beijing ≥ 20 years | Prior use of anti-resorptive or anabolic agents |
| Cancer with metastasis to the bone | |
| Significant renal impairment | |
| A condition of prolonged immobility |
