Table 2.

Description of block-level independent and dependent variables in the conceptual model for analysis of the association of contextual and programmatic factors with trends in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition in Bihar, India

Variable	Source	Description
Independent
Remoteness	SHRUG	Distance to the nearest town with population ≥500 000 population for each village, averaged over all villages in each block.
Night lighting	SHRUG	Sum of the night-time luminosity values (0-63) of all pixels in each village in 2013, averaged over all villages in each block
Forest coverage	SHRUG	Sum of total forest pixel values in each village in 2014 averaged over all villages in each block. Each Vegetation Continuous Fields pixel takes a value of 0 to 100, reflecting the percent of that pixel covered by forest. The sum of the percentages over all village pixels can therefore exceed 100.
Literacy	SHRUG	Percentage of the population in each block who knew how to read and write in 2011.
Power availability for domestic use	SHRUG	Total daily hours of power available for domestic use during the summer and winter in each village in 2011, averaged over all villages in each block.
Land with paved roads	SHRUG	Percentage of villages/towns in a block that had any paved roads in 2011.
Belonging to scheduled caste or tribe	SHRUG	Percentage of the population in each block which belonged to a scheduled caste or tribe in 2011.
Trend in facility readiness score	CFA	Difference between Facility Readiness Scores in 2015 and 2017.
Trend in asset ownership	CHS	Annual change in log average number of assets owned per block between 2014-2017.
Trend in self-help group membership	CHS	Annual change in log-odds of membership of a SHG between 2014-2017.
Trend in satisfaction with FLW visits	CHS	Annual change in log-odds of satisfaction with FLW visits between 2014-2017, based on the question, “Were you satisfied with the FLW visit”?
Dependent
Birth preparedness	CHS	Increase and rate of change in the number of birth preparedness measures taken per block between 2014-2017.
Pregnancy registration	CHS	Rate of change in the block-level odds of pregnancy registration in the first trimester between 2014-2017.
Seeking care for complications	CHS	Rate of change in the block-level odds of seeking care for pregnancy complications between 2014-2017.
Antenatal care	CHS	Rate of change in the block-level odds of having at least four antenatal care visits during pregnancy between 2014-2017.
Immediate breastfeeding	CHS	Rate of change in the block-level odds of immediate breastfeeding between 2014-2017.
Dry cord care	CHS	Increase and rate of change in the block-level odds of dry cord care taken between 2014-2017.
Skin-to-skin care	CHS	Increase and rate of change in the block-level odds of skin-to-skin care between 2014-2017.
Age-appropriate complementary feeding	CHS	Increase and rate of change in block-level odds of age-appropriate complementary feeding between 2014-2017.
Both dependent and independent
Occurrence of FLW visits	CHS	Increase and rate of change in the block-level odds of receiving a visit by a FLW to discuss mother’s and baby’s health.

SHRUG – Socioeconomic High-resolution Rural-Urban Geographic Platform for India; CFA – Comprehensive Facility Assessments; CHS – Community-based Household Surveys, FLW – frontline worker