Table 3.
List of techniques, reported sensitivities, and typical drop volumes used in the cited references.
| Reference | Instrument | Sensitivity | Drop Volume (µL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liimatainen et al. [209] | Microforce sensing probe | ±0.1 nN | 1.5 |
| Wang et al. [149] | AFM | ±0.1 nN | 1 |
| Qiao et al. [198] | Nanotribometer | ±3 nN | 2 |
| Sun et al. [213] | Micro-electromechanical balance | ±1 µN/m | 4 |
| Backholm et al. [226] | Micropipette force sensor | ±4 nN | ~1 |
| Daniel et al. [229] | Droplet force apparatus | ±10 nN | ~4.2–6.4 |
| Zhang et al. [214] | Micro-electronic balance | ±0.03 µN | 3 |
| Samuel et al. [212] | Micro-electromechanical balance | ±0.1 µN | ~5 |
| Cheng et al. [207] | Micro-electromechanical balance | ±0.1 µN | 4 |
| Gao et al. [217] | Laser deflection system | ±1 µN | 1.5–8 |
| Ning et al. [211] | Micro-electromechanical balance | ±1 µN | 5 |
| Daniel et al. [230,231] | Cantilever force sensor | ±0.1 µN | 1 |