Table 2.

Standard and breakthrough pain medication for pre-emptive pain control

	Preoperative	Intraoperative	Postoperative inpatient	Postoperative outpatient
Standard	Tramadol Gabapentin	Acetaminophen Ketorolac∗	Acetaminophen Ketorolac∗ Gabapentin Methocarbamol Lidoderm patch Tramadol as needed	Acetaminophen 1 g PO 3 × a day for 5 d Naproxen 220 mg PO 2 × a day for 3 d∗ Gabapentin 300 mg PO 3 × a day for 7 d† Methocarbamol as needed† Lidoderm patch as needed†
Breakthrough			Dilaudid IV × 2 Dilaudid PCA Convert to PO opioid	Tramadol Acetaminophen with codeine #3 Acetaminophen with hydrocodone

PO, Per os; IV, intravenous; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia.

^∗Ketorolac and Naproxen was given for patients <75 years old with Cr < 1 and approval by surgeon.

^†For chest surgery.