Table 3.
Patient characteristics and need for opioid prescription after surgery
| Total |
Opioids after surgery |
P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No |
Yes |
|||
| (N = 228) | (n = 165) | (n = 63) | ||
| Age at surgery, y, median (IQR) | 63.0 (54.0, 72.0) | 65.0 (54.0, 73.0) | 60.0 (53.0, 70.0) | .09 |
| Female | 132 (57.9) | 98 (59.4) | 34 (54.0) | .46 |
| White | 151 (89.9) | 113 (92.6) | 38 (82.6) | .08 |
| Height, cm, median (IQR) | 170.0 (163.0, 178.0) | 169.0 (163.0, 178.0) | 170.0 (164.0, 178.0) | .49 |
| Weight, kg, median (IQR) | 81.6 (66.5, 94.0) | 80.0 (65.6, 94.3) | 84.1 (69.4, 93.8) | .31 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 27.6 (23.6, 31.5) | 27.4 (23.5, 31.5) | 28.0 (24.8, 31.4) | .79 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 127 (55.7) | 91 (55.2) | 36 (57.1) | .79 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 (2.6) | 4 (2.4) | 2 (3.2) | .67 |
| Coronary artery disease | 39 (17.1) | 26 (15.8) | 13 (20.6) | .38 |
| Myocardial infarction | 16 (7.0) | 8 (4.8) | 8 (12.7) | .046 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 9 (3.9) | 7 (4.2) | 2 (3.2) | 1.00 |
| Valvular heart disease | 6 (2.6) | 4 (2.4) | 2 (3.2) | .67 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 9 (3.9) | 8 (4.8) | 1 (1.6) | .45 |
| Major vascular disease | 15 (6.6) | 11 (6.7) | 4 (6.3) | .93 |
| DVT/PE | 10 (4.4) | 7 (4.2) | 3 (4.8) | .86 |
| Cerebrovascular history | 16 (7.0) | 9 (5.5) | 7 (11.1) | .13 |
| Diabetes | 29 (12.7) | 22 (13.3) | 7 (11.1) | .65 |
| Liver dysfunction | 4 (1.8) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (4.8) | .07 |
| On dialysis | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.6) | .48 |
| Coexisting cancer | 21 (9.2) | 12 (7.3) | 9 (14.3) | .10 |
| Preoperative history of home oxygen | 6 (2.6) | 3 (1.8) | 3 (4.8) | .35 |
| Dementia or neurocognitive dysfunction | 3 (1.3) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (1.6) | 1.00 |
| Major psychiatric disorder | 64 (28.1) | 46 (27.9) | 18 (28.6) | .92 |
| Previous cardiothoracic surgery | 15 (6.6) | 10 (6.1) | 5 (7.9) | .61 |
| Reoperation | 34 (14.9) | 26 (15.8) | 8 (12.7) | .56 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 13 (5.7) | 10 (6.1) | 3 (4.8) | 1.00 |
| Preoperative thoracic radiation therapy | 5 (2.2) | 5 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | .33 |
| Smoking | 94 (41.2) | 56 (33.9) | 38 (60.3) | <.001 |
| Opioid dependency | 17 (7.5) | 3 (1.8) | 14 (22.2) | <.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 19 (8.3) | 10 (6.1) | 9 (14.3) | .04 |
| Opioids before surgery | 33 (14.5) | 5 (3.0) | 28 (44.4) | <.001 |
| Any pain medication before surgery | 89 (39.0) | 46 (27.9) | 43 (68.3) | <.001 |
| ASA classification | .10 | |||
| 2 | 65 (28.5) | 53 (32.1) | 12 (19.0) | |
| 3 | 122 (53.5) | 86 (52.1) | 36 (57.1) | |
| 4 | 41 (18.0) | 26 (15.8) | 15 (23.8) | |
Values in bold are statistical significance at P values < .05. IQR, Interquartile range; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary emboli; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.