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Schematic diagram depicting cytokines and chemokines that modulate hepatic injury and fibrosis.53 Red arrows indicate chemokine secretion; thick arrows denote pro-inflammatory infiltration.
Abbreviations: CCL, chemokine ligand; CCR, chemokine receptor; CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand; CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor; CX3CL, CX3C chemokine ligand; CX3R, CX3 chemokine receptor; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; NKT, natural killer T cell; Th, helper T cell.
